Cascading approach for the extraction of high-value compounds from agricultural biomass integrating pyrolysis technology

Residuals such as agricultural waste, forest harvesting remnants, and industrial by-products present a dual advantage as sustainable and economical resources owing to their widespread availability of biomass, often possessing low market value and avoiding competition with food or feed production. Embracing a cascading approach enhances resource efficiency, minimising waste while generating high-value products and facilitating energy production. This study aims to probe into the untapped potential of Ireland's agricultural and non-food waste biomass for fostering a sustainable bioeconomy. These biomass reservoirs encompass cereal straw and husks, short rotation crop (SRC) willow, miscanthus, and various grasses. Leveraging these resources for chemical and fuel production is imperative to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and align with market demands. Among the plethora of available biomass valorisation technologies, this paper focuses on pyrolysis - a thermochemical process conducted at elevated temperatures in an oxygen-free environment. Pyrolysis yields three primary products: gaseous synthesis gas (comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen), a liquid fraction, and a solid residue. Additionally, this review underscores the potential of pyrolysis oil as a versatile asset for generating biobased chemicals catering to industries like pharmaceuticals, cosmeceuticals, and nutraceuticals.