Modeling proppant transport and settlement in 3D fracture networks in geothermal reservoirs

In this paper, we develop an efficient proppant transport model using the Eulerian-Eulerian approach for simulating proppant transport in fractures and 3D fracture networks in geothermal reservoirs. The proposed model accounts for proppant settling, pack/bed formation, bridging/screenout, proppant concentration effect, fracture wall effect, and the transition from Poiseuille flow (fracture channel) to Darcy flow (proppant pack). Notably, the heat transfer process and its impact on proppant transport are also considered—a facet often overlooked in previous proppant transport models. A three-dimensional displacement discontinuity method (3D DDM) that incorporates the stress shadow effect is employed to generate the fracture geometry. The governing equations for slurry flow, proppant transport, and heat transfer are discretized and solved using the finite volume method (FVM). The model is verified against analytical solutions and published experimental data, demonstrating good agreement with these references. To demonstrate the proposed model, we applied it to both low-temperature (depleted hydrocarbon wells) and high-temperature (dry hot rocks) enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). The simulation results highlight the significant influence of reservoir temperature on proppant transport and settlement in a reservoir environment. Heating of the slurry by higher temperature reservoir rocks reduces fluid viscosity and accelerates proppant settling, thereby shortening the transport distance and reducing the coverage area of the proppant. Both ultra-light and micro-proppant are effective in mitigating proppant settlement in enhanced geothermal systems. However, proppant is susceptible to bridging at fracture intersections, where the fracture widths are narrower due to more pronounced stress shadow effects in these areas. Consequently, the use of micro-proppant could offer substantial benefits over ultra-light proppant in enhancing proppant coverage area in enhanced geothermal systems.