Air pollution dynamics in Fortaleza, Brazil: Exploring the interplay of traffic and high-rise development

The increasing concern over urban air quality has spurred research into atmospheric pollution, particularly focusing on the substantial influence of vehicle traffic on emissions. This study aimed to elucidate the variation of air pollutants in distinct areas of Fortaleza, a large metropolis in Brazil, utilizing a cost-effective sensor for data collection. Primary data on air pollutants, meteorological conditions, and vehicular traffic were collected at eleven locations within the city. Urban elements such as building height and road classification were also considered. Surprisingly, pollution levels did not correlate directly with traffic volume but demonstrated stronger associations with urban and meteorological factors that affect air circulation and pollutant dispersion. Notably, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exhibited lesser susceptibility to urban characteristics compared to carbon dioxide, with meteorological variables exerting a more pronounced influence. Furthermore, a correlation emerged between elevated pollution levels and areas characterized by urban canyons, highlighting the pivotal role of urban planning in pollution alleviation. The use of a low-cost sensor proved effective in measuring atmospheric pollution and meteorological data yet expanding the study to include additional variables such as wind speed and direction, as well as road quality attributes, is essential for a comprehensive understanding of this complex phenomenon.