Design considerations for a continuous mussel farm in New England Offshore waters. Part I: Development of environmental conditions for engineering design

Sustainable aquaculture in nearshore waters faces challenges such as stakeholder conflicts, environmental pollution, and spatial constraints. Offshore aquaculture offers a promising solution but requires robust engineering design to withstand extreme weather conditions. This study develops the environmental conditions essential for engineering the design of a continuous mussel dropper system in New England offshore waters. A potential farm location was identified using criteria including water depth, federal boundaries, seafloor suitability, farm size, and proximity to ports, based on bathymetric and sedimentary maps. Historical data from five wave monitoring stations and two current velocity stations were analyzed to model extreme environmental conditions, as waves and currents pose primary threats. The extreme wave and current conditions are modeled using the Weibull distribution, on the annual maximum hourly significant wave height data and the largest 0.3 % of current speeds. A newly proposed method combining Spalding’s wall function with a fourth-order polynomial is used to enhance the current profile analysis. Additionally, a joint probability density function was developed for wave height and current velocity at a specific depth, providing insights into wave height, period, and wavelength for various return periods such as 10, 25, 50, and 100 years. The results suggest a 10-yr wave of 8 m significant wave height and a current speed of 1.68 m/s, while a 50-yr values are 9.4 m and 1.96 m/s respectively. These findings offer critical data on extreme wave and current conditions in New England’s offshore waters, providing practical guidance for the engineering design of offshore mussel farms. This research advances offshore mussel farming and benefits the development of all types of offshore aquaculture systems.