A review on recent progress and challenges in high-efficiency perovskite solar cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are transforming the renewable energy sector with their remarkable efficiencies and economical large-scale manufacturing. Perovskite materials have earned significant attention for their unique properties, including high light absorption, efficient charge transport, and ease of fabrication. These unique features of perovskite materials are essential for developing high-efficiency PSCs, which are considered leading candidates for sustainable energy solutions. This review comprehensively analyzes high-efficiency PSCs, focusing on their critical aspects such as perovskite material properties, device configurations, fabrication techniques, and the latest advancements. Our review addresses vital factors such as stability concerns, environmental impact, production scalability, device reproducibility, and challenges related to perovskite degradation that are pertinent to the advancement of PSC technology. Additionally, we discuss emerging trends in tandem and multijunction devices, flexible and wearable applications, and the integration of PSCs into building-integrated photovoltaic systems. Furthermore, we examine limitations, challenges, and future prospects for PSCs, including developing improved stability protocols, enhancing efficiency, and integrating energy storage solutions to drive advancements in PSC manufacturing. Lastly, we provide insights into the commercialization pathway for inverted PSCs, underscoring the importance of stability, cost reduction, and efficiency enhancement in achieving widespread adoption of this promising technology.