Efficient electrical energy conversion strategies from triboelectric nanogenerators to practical applications: A review

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have emerged as a promising energy-harvesting technology that can efficiently convert ambient mechanical energy into electricity. Compared to traditional electromagnetic generators, TENGs offer advantages such as high power density, low cost, material flexibility, and simple fabrication, demonstrating broad application prospects in self-powered sensors, wearable devices, and biomedical systems. However, the mismatch between the output electrical energy of TENGs (alternating current, high voltage, low current) and the requirements of most electronic devices (direct current, constant voltage) often limits their practical application. To enhance the energy conversion efficiency of TENGs in real-world applications, researchers have developed various efficient energy conversion circuits and implementation strategies. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of advanced strategies for achieving pulse triggering, AC–DC conversion, voltage regulation, and energy storage, covering the entire process of TENG electrical energy conversion. In addition, several efficient TENG energy conversion circuits are presented for different application scenarios. Finally, the challenges and future directions of TENG energy conversion circuit design are discussed, aiming to provide a reference for designing more efficient TENG energy conversion systems.