通过分析机械性能敏感性,开发用于激光定向能量沉积的坚固钢合金。

IF 3 3区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL
Micromachines Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI:10.3390/mi15101180
Jonathan Kelley, Joseph W Newkirk, Laura N Bartlett, Sriram Praneeth Isanaka, Todd Sparks, Saeid Alipour, Frank Liou
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引用次数: 0

摘要

为确保快速成型金属零件性能的一致性,确定对工艺变化具有鲁棒性的合金是非常有利的。本文研究了钢合金成分对激光直接能量沉积(L-DED)机械性能稳健性的影响。超高强度低合金钢(UHSLA)和纯铁粉的原位混合产生了 10 种含有 10-100 wt% UHSLA 的成分。样品的沉积采用了新颖的结构,能够快速收集硬度数据。评估了每种合金的维氏硬度灵敏度与激光功率和层间延迟时间的关系。在随后的实验中,研究了五种精选合金的屈服强度(YS)和极限拉伸强度(UTS)敏感性。显微结构分析表明,冷却速度驱动的板条马氏体和上贝氏体之间的相位波动是导致高硬度敏感性的关键因素。将 UHSLA 含量保持在 ≤20% 或 ≥70%,微观结构就会分别主要转变为铁素体或马氏体,这通常与提高的坚固性相对应。超过 70% UHSLA 时,YS 灵敏度仍然很低,而 UTS 灵敏度则有所提高。这一发现,加上在较低冷却速率下观察到的自动回火马氏体,可能表明在合金含量较高时,加工硬化能力对自动回火有强烈的反应。这项工作展示了一种将稳健设计纳入增材制造合金开发的方法。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Development of Robust Steel Alloys for Laser-Directed Energy Deposition via Analysis of Mechanical Property Sensitivities.

To ensure consistent performance of additively manufactured metal parts, it is advantageous to identify alloys that are robust to process variations. This paper investigates the effect of steel alloy composition on mechanical property robustness in laser-directed energy deposition (L-DED). In situ blending of ultra-high-strength low-alloy steel (UHSLA) and pure iron powders produced 10 compositions containing 10-100 wt% UHSLA. Samples were deposited using a novel configuration that enabled rapid collection of hardness data. The Vickers hardness sensitivity of each alloy was evaluated with respect to laser power and interlayer delay time. Yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) sensitivities of five select alloys were investigated in a subsequent experiment. Microstructure analysis revealed that cooling rate-driven phase fluctuations between lath martensite and upper bainite were a key factor leading to high hardness sensitivity. By keeping the UHSLA content ≤20% or ≥70%, the microstructure transformed primarily to ferrite or martensite, respectively, which generally corresponded to improved robustness. Above 70% UHSLA, the YS sensitivity remained low while the UTS sensitivity increased. This finding, coupled with the observation of auto-tempered martensite at lower cooling rates, may suggest a strong response of the work hardening capability to auto-tempering at higher alloy contents. This work demonstrates a methodology for incorporating robust design into the development of alloys for additive manufacturing.

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来源期刊
Micromachines
Micromachines NANOSCIENCE & NANOTECHNOLOGY-INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION
CiteScore
5.20
自引率
14.70%
发文量
1862
审稿时长
16.31 days
期刊介绍: Micromachines (ISSN 2072-666X) is an international, peer-reviewed open access journal which provides an advanced forum for studies related to micro-scaled machines and micromachinery. It publishes reviews, regular research papers and short communications. Our aim is to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible. There is no restriction on the length of the papers. The full experimental details must be provided so that the results can be reproduced.
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