Nanodiagnostics in global eradication of hepatitis C virus

Hepatitis C, caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV), is a prevalent liver disease with severe outcomes, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Traditional diagnostic methods primarily detect antiviral antibodies (anti-HCV) or viral RNA, but these approaches have limitations. Anti-HCV antibodies may take 2–4 weeks to develop in acute cases and can be absent in some individuals, leading to undiagnosed early-stage infections. This poses significant challenges for public health, particularly in resource-limited settings where early detection is crucial. This article explores the development of biosensors engineered to directly detect HCV surface antigens, such as envelope proteins. These biosensors provide a promising solution for earlier and more accurate diagnosis by identifying viral components at the initial stages of infection. By focusing on direct detection of viral antigens, these innovations could enhance early diagnosis, facilitate timely intervention, and reduce virus transmission. We evaluate the advancements in biosensor technology over the past decade and their potential to improve HCV detection in clinical and field settings, ultimately supporting global efforts to eliminate HCV as a public health threat.