Vagus nerve stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: a scoping review of animal studies and human subjects research

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a prevalent, progressive neurodegenerative disease with motor and non-motor symptoms. Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) has emerged as a potential therapeutic approach for PD, but published research on this topic varies widely. This scoping review maps existing literature on VNS for PD, highlighting stimulation methods, operational parameters, safety profiles, neurophysiological mechanisms, and clinical outcomes in human and animal models. Online databases were used to identify 788 papers published between 2013 and 2023, from which 17 publications on invasive and non-invasive VNS in PD were selected. Studies showed high variability in VNS parameters and study design. Evidence in animal models and human subjects suggests potential neurophysiological effects on PD-related pathology and motor function improvements. However, significant gaps in the literature remain. Future research should include rigorous reporting of study design, standardization of stimulation parameters, and larger sample sizes to ultimately facilitate translation of VNS into clinical practice.