From theories of contraceptive use to human rights principles: implications for indicators on the supply and demand side.

In this commentary, we examine the evolution of theories and metrics regarding contraception. We contend that while human rights principles are now widely integrated into the "supply-side factors" of contraceptive provision, particularly through the concept of quality of care and its metrics, their role in relation to "demand-side factors" remains ambiguous. We propose that human rights represent one of several normative frameworks to which both users and non-users may adhere when shaping their fertility preferences and decisions regarding contraception. To gain a deeper understanding of persistent obstacles on the demand side of contraceptive utilization, comprehensive data on attitudes toward sexuality and motherhood at both individual and community levels, as well as nuanced indicators of knowledge and acceptance of contraception among all women, are essential. Such data could facilitate examination of how exposure to human rights-based sexual and reproductive health programs influences normative contexts, individual empowerment among women, and the demand for contraception. Additionally, further research is needed to explore the reciprocal relationship-how contraceptive use influences women's trajectories of empowerment-which requires longitudinal data covering the entire reproductive lifespan.