A rare cause of respiratory distress in preterm infants: a case report of acquired subglottic cysts.

Background: The Subglottic Cysts (SGCs) are a rare cause of respiratory distress in infants. Typical risk factors include male gender, extreme prematurity, gastro-oesophageal reflux and invasive ventilation, the latter being associated with mucosal damage and blockage of the subglottic cysts' ducts. We describe a case of acquired subglottic cysts in a premature infants presented with respiratory distress.

Case presentation: A premature male infant was born at 25 weeks + 2 days with a history of monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. During hospitalization, invasive mechanical ventilation was necessary for a total of 18 days; the patient was discharged at postmenstrual age of 40 weeks + 1 day in good condition. At 43 weeks post-menstrual age, he presented to our department with mixed stridor and worsening of respiratory dynamics. A laryngotracheoscopy evaluation was performed. The exam showed the presence of multiple SGCs causing an almost complete obstruction of the airway. Because of the significant reduction of the airway's patency, the child underwent a tracheotomy and thereafter cysts' removal using cold steel microinstruments. A better airway patency was restored although a slight glottic edema persisted. The histopathology confirmed the benign nature of the lesions. Successive controls showed a completely patent airway and absence of SGCs.

Conclusion: In conclusion, SGCs should be considered in preterm infants with respiratory distress previously intubated, which cannot be explained by the most common causes. Early diagnosis and treatment are fundamental to reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease.