Polyurethanes and Their Biomedical Applications.

The tunable mechanical properties of polyurethanes (PUs), due to their extensive structural diversity and biocompatibility, have made them promising materials for biomedical applications. Scientists can address PUs' issues with platelet absorption and thrombus formation owing to their modifiable surface. In recent years, PUs have been extensively utilized in biomedical applications because of their chemical stability, biocompatibility, and minimal cytotoxicity. Moreover, addressing challenges related to degradation and recycling has led to a growing focus on the development of biobased polyurethanes as a current focal point. PUs are widely implemented in cardiovascular fields and as implantable materials for internal organs due to their favorable biocompatibility and physicochemical properties. Additionally, they show great potential in bone tissue engineering as injectable grafts or implantable scaffolds. This paper reviews the synthesis methods, physicochemical properties, and degradation pathways of PUs and summarizes recent progress in applying different types of polyurethanes in various biomedical applications, from wound repair to hip replacement. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future directions for the translation of novel polyurethane materials into biomedical applications.