Paul C. Banko, Mark A. Schmaedick, Robert W. Peck, Adam C. Miles, Niela P. Leifi
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The sex ratio was approximately even overall and within each developmental stage. Eggs were slightly larger on individual host trees and in host tree stands that yielded more eggs per unit of foliage, indicating that ovipositing females responded to some features of host trees and stands. Eggs hatching female or male larvae were similar in size, and the sexes developed at similar rates. A newly described species of parasitoid wasp, <i>Ooencyrtus pitosina</i> (Encyrtidae), emerged from 73.6% of 382 butterfly eggs that failed to hatch in the laboratory (62.7% of 448 eggs overall). Forty-one other eggs contained dead parasitoid larvae. An additional, unidentified <i>Ooencyrtus</i> wasp species emerged from a single <i>P. godeffroyi</i> egg. No parasitoids were reared from <i>P. godeffroyi</i> larvae or pupae. Of 656 <i>P. godeffroyi</i> eggshells collected in the field and examined in the laboratory, 62.2% showed signs of having been parasitized by <i>O. pitosina.</i> There was no evidence that parasitism rates were density-dependent. <i>O. pitosina</i> brood sizes ranged from 1 to 5, with the sex ratio skewed toward females (2.40 F:1.00 M). Larger parasitoid broods were associated with slightly larger host eggs, indicating that female wasps may adjust brood size according to host egg size or that fewer wasp larvae are able to complete development in smaller eggs. Techniques used to rear both <i>P. godeffroyi</i> and <i>O. pitosina</i> in the laboratory could be applied to a captive-rear, wild-release program, which may facilitate reestablishment of the species in Samoa.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7000,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70032","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Reproductive ecology and egg parasitism of the Samoan swallowtail butterfly\",\"authors\":\"Paul C. Banko, Mark A. Schmaedick, Robert W. Peck, Adam C. Miles, Niela P. 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Eggs were slightly larger on individual host trees and in host tree stands that yielded more eggs per unit of foliage, indicating that ovipositing females responded to some features of host trees and stands. Eggs hatching female or male larvae were similar in size, and the sexes developed at similar rates. A newly described species of parasitoid wasp, <i>Ooencyrtus pitosina</i> (Encyrtidae), emerged from 73.6% of 382 butterfly eggs that failed to hatch in the laboratory (62.7% of 448 eggs overall). Forty-one other eggs contained dead parasitoid larvae. An additional, unidentified <i>Ooencyrtus</i> wasp species emerged from a single <i>P. godeffroyi</i> egg. No parasitoids were reared from <i>P. godeffroyi</i> larvae or pupae. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
我们研究了萨摩亚燕尾蝶(Papilio godeffroyi)的繁殖生态学和卵寄生的影响,这种蝴蝶在萨摩亚独立国中更大的乌波卢岛和萨瓦伊岛消失后,仅存于美属萨摩亚的图图伊拉岛。2013 年和 2014 年,我们在八个地点对其唯一已知的寄主植物--Micromelum minutum--进行了每月一次的调查,收集了卵、卵壳、幼虫、蛹和蛹的外植体。活体标本在实验室条件下饲养,以确定繁殖结果、发育率和性别比例,以及寄生虫攻击频率、育雏规模和性别比例。448 枚卵中有 66 枚(14.7%)产生了幼虫,其中 47 枚成为成虫。总体而言,每个发育阶段的性别比例大致均匀。在单株寄主树上和单位叶片产卵量较多的寄主树上,卵的个头稍大,这表明产卵雌虫对寄主树和寄主树的某些特征做出了反应。孵化雌性或雄性幼虫的卵大小相似,雌雄幼虫的发育速度也相似。在实验室中未能孵化的 382 枚蝶卵中,73.6%(448 枚蝶卵中的 62.7%)孵化出了一种新描述的寄生蜂--Ooencyrtus pitosina(Encyrtidae)。另外 41 枚卵中有寄生幼虫死亡。还有一种身份不明的 Ooencyrtus 黄蜂从一个 P. godeffroyi 卵中孵化出来。没有寄生虫从 P. godeffroyi 幼虫或蛹中孵化出来。在田间采集并在实验室检查的 656 个 P. godeffroyi 卵壳中,62.2% 有被 O. pitosina 寄生过的迹象。没有证据表明寄生率与密度有关。O.pitosina的育雏规模从1到5只不等,性别比例偏向于雌性(2.40 F:1.00 M)。较大的寄生蜂巢与稍大的寄主卵有关,这表明雌性黄蜂可能会根据寄主卵的大小调整巢的大小,或者是较少的黄蜂幼虫能够在较小的卵中完成发育。在实验室中饲养 P. godeffroyi 和 O. pitosina 的技术可应用于人工饲养、野外放归计划,这可能有助于在萨摩亚重新建立该物种。
Reproductive ecology and egg parasitism of the Samoan swallowtail butterfly
We investigated the reproductive ecology and effects of egg parasitism on the Samoan swallowtail butterfly (Papilio godeffroyi), which survives only on Tutuila Island, American Samoa, after having disappeared from the much larger islands of Upolu and Savai‘i in independent Samoa. During monthly surveys of its only known host plant, Micromelum minutum, across eight sites in 2013 and 2014, we collected eggs, eggshells, larvae, pupae, and pupal exuviae. Live specimens were reared under laboratory conditions to determine reproductive outcomes, developmental rates, and sex ratios, as well as parasitoid attack frequencies, brood sizes, and sex ratios. Sixty-six of 448 (14.7%) eggs produced larvae, 47 of which became adults. The sex ratio was approximately even overall and within each developmental stage. Eggs were slightly larger on individual host trees and in host tree stands that yielded more eggs per unit of foliage, indicating that ovipositing females responded to some features of host trees and stands. Eggs hatching female or male larvae were similar in size, and the sexes developed at similar rates. A newly described species of parasitoid wasp, Ooencyrtus pitosina (Encyrtidae), emerged from 73.6% of 382 butterfly eggs that failed to hatch in the laboratory (62.7% of 448 eggs overall). Forty-one other eggs contained dead parasitoid larvae. An additional, unidentified Ooencyrtus wasp species emerged from a single P. godeffroyi egg. No parasitoids were reared from P. godeffroyi larvae or pupae. Of 656 P. godeffroyi eggshells collected in the field and examined in the laboratory, 62.2% showed signs of having been parasitized by O. pitosina. There was no evidence that parasitism rates were density-dependent. O. pitosina brood sizes ranged from 1 to 5, with the sex ratio skewed toward females (2.40 F:1.00 M). Larger parasitoid broods were associated with slightly larger host eggs, indicating that female wasps may adjust brood size according to host egg size or that fewer wasp larvae are able to complete development in smaller eggs. Techniques used to rear both P. godeffroyi and O. pitosina in the laboratory could be applied to a captive-rear, wild-release program, which may facilitate reestablishment of the species in Samoa.
期刊介绍:
The scope of Ecosphere is as broad as the science of ecology itself. The journal welcomes submissions from all sub-disciplines of ecological science, as well as interdisciplinary studies relating to ecology. The journal''s goal is to provide a rapid-publication, online-only, open-access alternative to ESA''s other journals, while maintaining the rigorous standards of peer review for which ESA publications are renowned.