Potential of constructing all-encompassing soil–plant-atmosphere-continuum stations and datasets from meteorological, flux, soil moisture station networks and plant-relevant observations

The establishment of SPAC (soil–plant-atmosphere continuum) stations is essential for comprehensive monitoring of land-atmosphere interactions and ecological and hydrological processes. This paper addresses the critical limitations of existing observation networks, which often rely on single-aspect observations, resulting in insufficient data for a holistic understanding of SPAC dynamics. Specifically, SPAC stations provide critical multi-variable observations that enhance process-based model calibration and physical constraints and improve the empirical basis of data-driven models. Advanced technologies such as machine learning and remote sensing are proposed to transform current weather and soil moisture stations into quasi-SPAC sites capable of estimating carbon and water flux data. Additionally, the strategic placement of new SPAC sites in regions projected to be sensitive to future climate change and climate risks, as indicated by models such as CMIP6, is recommended. Furthermore, promoting comprehensive observational systems like Europe's Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) in other regions, establishing a unified management framework and coordinating the upgrading of existing global observation networks are essential steps. Ultimately, the proposed enhancements will advance global ecological and hydrological studies, providing a more integrated and accurate understanding of the SPAC system and its responses to climate variability.