Listeria monocytogenes in the seafood industry: Exploring contamination sources, outbreaks, antibiotic susceptibility and genetic diversity

Fish and seafood are rich sources of protein, vitamins, and minerals, significantly contributing to individual health. A global increase in consumption has been observed. Listeria monocytogenes is a known problem in food processing environments and is found in various seafood forms, including raw, smoked, salted, and ready-to-eat. Without heat treatment and given L. monocytogenes' ability to multiply under refrigerated conditions, consuming seafood poses a substantial health hazard, particularly to immunocompromised individuals. Numerous global outbreaks of listeriosis have been linked to various fish products, underscoring the importance of studying L. monocytogenes. Different strains exhibit varying disease-causing abilities, making it crucial to understand and monitor the organism's virulence and resistance aspects for food safety. This paper aims to highlight the genetic diversity of L. monocytogenes found in fish products globally and to enhance understanding of contamination routes from raw fish to the final product.