Ning Wang , Zhipin Ai , Qiuying Zhang , Peifang Leng , Yunfeng Qiao , Zhao Li , Chao Tian , Hefa Cheng , Gang Chen , Fadong Li
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These deficiencies not only reduce crop yields but also cause associated environmental issues, such as soil structure deterioration and ecosystem services diminution.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This research aimed to investigate the long-term effects of NPK fertilizers on soil nutrient properties and maize phenology, further on the grain yield, and to evaluate the nutrient use efficiency and soil nutrient balance under different fertilization managements.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A long-term field experiment was initiated in 1990 in a summer maize field in the North China Plain, including five fertilizer treatments: CK (control), NP, NK, PK, and NPK. The soil nutrient properties, maize yields, crop nutrient uptake amount, nutrient recovery efficiency (NRE), nutrient harvest index (NHI), and soil nutrient balance were annually evaluated from 2005 to 2022.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Significant improvements in maize yields were found under NPK (9081 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>), NP (6426 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>), and PK (2668 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>) compared with CK (1809 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>) and NK (1656 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>). The yield increase was mainly attributed to: (1) enhancing in soil nutrient properties, such as soil organic carbon, soil total N (TN), available N (AN), total P (TP), available P (AP), and available K (AK), and (2) the shortened vegetative period, leading to greater sunshine hours (SH) and accumulative growing degree days (GDD) during the reproductive period. Furthermore, a random forest analysis quantified their importance to grain yield, showing that the edaphic factors (mainly SOC, TN, AK, AN, TP, AP, C:N, and N:P) explained a much greater proportion of yield variation compared with phenological factors (mainly GDD during tasseling and physiological maturity stages, and SH during tasseling stage). Additionally, the significantly higher response ratio of both N and P to NRE and NHI implied that N and P fertilizers having a more pronounced impact on improving nutrient use efficiency than K fertilizer. In terms of soil nutrient balance, a most relative soil nutrient balance was detected under NPK treatment, avoiding either substantial nutrient depletion or accumulation under any nutrient deficiency conditions.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Soil deficiencies in N and P had more severe impacts on maize yields and nutrient use efficiency compared with K deficiency. Additionally, a balanced NPK fertilizer regime effectively managed soil nutrient balance.</div></div><div><h3>Implications or significance</h3><div>These findings elucidate the roles of N, P, and K fertilizers in maize production and soil nutrient conditions from a long-term field experiment, which could provide valuable insights for optimizing fertilization management strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12143,"journal":{"name":"Field Crops Research","volume":"318 ","pages":"Article 109616"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6000,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Impacts of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers on maize yields, nutrient use efficiency, and soil nutrient balance: Insights from a long-term diverse NPK omission experiment in the North China Plain\",\"authors\":\"Ning Wang , Zhipin Ai , Qiuying Zhang , Peifang Leng , Yunfeng Qiao , Zhao Li , Chao Tian , Hefa Cheng , Gang Chen , Fadong Li\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109616\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><h3>Context or problem</h3><div>Soil nutrient deficiency is one of the significant challenges in grain production, particularly nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). 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The soil nutrient properties, maize yields, crop nutrient uptake amount, nutrient recovery efficiency (NRE), nutrient harvest index (NHI), and soil nutrient balance were annually evaluated from 2005 to 2022.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Significant improvements in maize yields were found under NPK (9081 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>), NP (6426 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>), and PK (2668 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>) compared with CK (1809 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>) and NK (1656 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>). The yield increase was mainly attributed to: (1) enhancing in soil nutrient properties, such as soil organic carbon, soil total N (TN), available N (AN), total P (TP), available P (AP), and available K (AK), and (2) the shortened vegetative period, leading to greater sunshine hours (SH) and accumulative growing degree days (GDD) during the reproductive period. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
背景或问题土壤养分缺乏是谷物生产面临的重大挑战之一,尤其是氮(N)、磷(P)和钾(K)。本研究旨在探讨氮磷钾肥对土壤养分性质和玉米物候的长期影响,进一步研究氮磷钾肥对谷物产量的影响,并评估不同施肥管理下的养分利用效率和土壤养分平衡。方法1990年在华北平原的一块夏玉米田中开始了一项长期田间试验,包括五个肥料处理:1990年在华北平原夏玉米田进行了一项长期田间试验,包括五个肥料处理:CK(对照)、NP、NK、PK和NPK。结果 与 CK(1809 kg ha-1)和 NK(1656 kg ha-1)相比,NPK(9081 kg ha-1)、NP(6426 kg ha-1)和 PK(2668 kg ha-1)显著提高了玉米产量。增产的主要原因是(1) 提高了土壤养分性质,如土壤有机碳、土壤全氮(TN)、可利用氮(AN)、全磷(TP)、可利用磷(AP)和可利用钾(AK);(2) 缩短了植株生长期,导致生育期日照时数(SH)和累积生长度日数(GDD)增加。此外,随机森林分析量化了这些因素对谷物产量的重要性,结果表明,与物候因素(主要是抽穗期和生理成熟期的 GDD 以及抽穗期的 SH)相比,土壤因素(主要是 SOC、TN、AK、AN、TP、AP、C:N 和 N:P)解释了更大比例的产量变化。此外,氮肥和磷肥对 NRE 和 NHI 的响应比率明显较高,这意味着氮肥和磷肥对提高养分利用效率的影响比钾肥更明显。在土壤养分平衡方面,氮磷钾肥处理的土壤养分相对最平衡,在任何养分缺乏条件下都避免了养分的大量消耗或积累。这些研究结果通过长期田间试验阐明了氮、磷、钾肥在玉米生产和土壤养分状况中的作用,为优化施肥管理策略提供了有价值的见解。
Impacts of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers on maize yields, nutrient use efficiency, and soil nutrient balance: Insights from a long-term diverse NPK omission experiment in the North China Plain
Context or problem
Soil nutrient deficiency is one of the significant challenges in grain production, particularly nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). These deficiencies not only reduce crop yields but also cause associated environmental issues, such as soil structure deterioration and ecosystem services diminution.
Objectives
This research aimed to investigate the long-term effects of NPK fertilizers on soil nutrient properties and maize phenology, further on the grain yield, and to evaluate the nutrient use efficiency and soil nutrient balance under different fertilization managements.
Methods
A long-term field experiment was initiated in 1990 in a summer maize field in the North China Plain, including five fertilizer treatments: CK (control), NP, NK, PK, and NPK. The soil nutrient properties, maize yields, crop nutrient uptake amount, nutrient recovery efficiency (NRE), nutrient harvest index (NHI), and soil nutrient balance were annually evaluated from 2005 to 2022.
Results
Significant improvements in maize yields were found under NPK (9081 kg ha−1), NP (6426 kg ha−1), and PK (2668 kg ha−1) compared with CK (1809 kg ha−1) and NK (1656 kg ha−1). The yield increase was mainly attributed to: (1) enhancing in soil nutrient properties, such as soil organic carbon, soil total N (TN), available N (AN), total P (TP), available P (AP), and available K (AK), and (2) the shortened vegetative period, leading to greater sunshine hours (SH) and accumulative growing degree days (GDD) during the reproductive period. Furthermore, a random forest analysis quantified their importance to grain yield, showing that the edaphic factors (mainly SOC, TN, AK, AN, TP, AP, C:N, and N:P) explained a much greater proportion of yield variation compared with phenological factors (mainly GDD during tasseling and physiological maturity stages, and SH during tasseling stage). Additionally, the significantly higher response ratio of both N and P to NRE and NHI implied that N and P fertilizers having a more pronounced impact on improving nutrient use efficiency than K fertilizer. In terms of soil nutrient balance, a most relative soil nutrient balance was detected under NPK treatment, avoiding either substantial nutrient depletion or accumulation under any nutrient deficiency conditions.
Conclusions
Soil deficiencies in N and P had more severe impacts on maize yields and nutrient use efficiency compared with K deficiency. Additionally, a balanced NPK fertilizer regime effectively managed soil nutrient balance.
Implications or significance
These findings elucidate the roles of N, P, and K fertilizers in maize production and soil nutrient conditions from a long-term field experiment, which could provide valuable insights for optimizing fertilization management strategies.
期刊介绍:
Field Crops Research is an international journal publishing scientific articles on:
√ experimental and modelling research at field, farm and landscape levels
on temperate and tropical crops and cropping systems,
with a focus on crop ecology and physiology, agronomy, and plant genetics and breeding.