A review of risk factors at the human-animal-environmental interface of garbage dumps that are driving current and emerging zoonotic diseases

An increasing trend in zoonotic and emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) has been observed worldwide. Most EID outbreaks originate from wildlife, and these outbreaks often involve pathogen–host–environment interaction. Garbage dumps act as an interface between humans, animals, and the environment, from which EIDs could arise. Therefore, this review considers the presence of important pathogens associated with animals and vectors at garbage dumps from a One Health perspective, looking at animal, human, and environmental factors that play a role. A narrative review was performed focusing on four key points, including garbage dumps, animals, waste pickers, zoonoses and EIDs. Articles addressing the presence of terrestrial animals, insects in garbage dumps, and infectious diseases among waste pickers were included in this study. There were 345 relevant articles covering 395 species of terrestrial animals and insects, consisting of 4 species of amphibians, 180 species of birds, 84 species of insects, 114 species of mammals, and 13 species of reptiles. Furthermore, 97 articles (28.12 %) addressed pathogens found in those populations. About half of the articles were interested in bacterial diseases (52.58 %), followed by parasitic diseases (30.93 %) and viral diseases (30.93 %). Zoonotic pathogens were described in 53.6 % of all articles, while 19.59 % focused on drug-resistant microbes, 13.40 % on rodent-borne diseases, and 7.21 % on vector-borne diseases. Garbage dumps would play a role in the emergence of diseases. The relevant factors at garbage dumps that may increase the risk of disease emergence include increased animal populations and density, increased vector population, newly evolved strains of pathogens, increased interaction between humans, domestic animals, wildlife, and vectors, and socio-economic factors. Therefore, sustainable waste management will reduce waste generation, and improve waste collection, and disposal which helps reduce the emergence of new diseases.