An experimental and ANN analysis of ammonia energy integration in biofuel powered low-temperature combustion engine to enhance cleaner combustion

In the pursuit of global net-zero emissions targets and cleaner combustion technologies, researchers are increasingly turning to innovative solutions. Ammonia, as a carbon-free fuel, holds promise for achieving low emissions and efficient combustion. This study explores the potential synergies of various ammonia shares (20 %, 40 %, and 60 %) combined with Citronella biofuel in a Low-Temperature Combustion (LTC) Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) engine. Comparative analysis between a 40 % ammonia blend Citronella biofuel (A40) and a Standard Diesel (SDL) in an RCCI engine demonstrates significant reductions in oxides of nitrogen (by 17 %), carbon dioxide (by 6.6 %), and smoke (by 9.8 %), along with a notable enhancement in Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) by 5.4 % for A40. The validation of results using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model shows robust coefficients of determination (97 %), high R values (0.9945–0.9995), and low Root Mean Square Error values (ranging from 0.0219 to 0.0483). These findings strongly support the efficacy of the A40 blend, positioning it as a promising and viable alternative fuel for achieving cleaner combustion in LTC-RCCI engines.