Gut symbiont-derived anandamide promotes reward learning in honeybees by activating the endocannabinoid pathway

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are dietary components participating in neurotransmission and cell signaling. Pollen is a source of PUFAs for honeybees, and disruptions in dietary PUFAs reduce the cognitive performance of honeybees. We reveal that gut bacteria of honeybees contribute to fatty acid metabolism, impacting reward learning. Gut bacteria possess Δ-6 desaturases that mediate fatty acid elongation and compensate for the absence of honeybee factors required for fatty acid metabolism. Colonization with Gilliamella apicola, but not a mutant lacking the Δ-6 desaturase FADS2, increases the production of anandamide (AEA), a ligand of the endocannabinoid system, and alters learning and memory. AEA activates the Hymenoptera-specific transient receptor AmHsTRPA in astrocytes, which induces Ca²⁺ influx and regulates glutamate re-uptake of glial cells to enhance reward learning. These findings illuminate the roles of gut symbionts in host fatty acid metabolism and the impacts of endocannabinoid signaling on the reward system of social insects.