High Temperature, Isothermal Growth Promotes Close Packing and Thermal Stability in DNA-Engineered Colloidal Crystals

We report a strategy to accelerate the synthesis and increase the crystallinity of colloidal crystals (CCs) engineered with DNA. Specifically, by holding the DNA-modified Au particle building blocks above the T_m of the DNA bonding elements (i.e., free from the particles), but slightly below the T_m of the anticipated CC during the assembly process, crystallinity is increased, and enthalpically favored phases with high degrees of facet registration are observed. We studied the utility of this approach with systems for which the commonly adopted slow-cooling approach yielded primarily amorphous aggregates. In particular, we used it to synthesize high-volume fraction CCs from large (80 nm) anisotropic nanoparticles (cubes and rhombic dodecahedra) with short (<14 nm) DNA designed to restrict the degrees of freedom for the DNA bonds and maintain the anisotropy of the particle building block. Small-angle X-ray scattering and electron microscopy studies show that the crystalline phases synthesized via this method are more thermally stable than their corresponding aggregate phases, likely due to an increased number of DNA–DNA bonds between particles. Crystal size tunability (between 0.5 and 15 μm edge lengths) and epitaxial growth were demonstrated using this strategy by modulating the NaCl concentration in tandem with previously synthesized CC nuclei. Taken together, this isothermal strategy demonstrates how to deliberately crystallize a wide variety of anisotropic colloidal materials and expands the phase space accessible to nanoparticles modified with DNA.