Exploring plant symbiotic microbial dynamics in metal hyperaccumulators for phytoremediation

Metal hyperaccumulators (HAs) are renowned for their remarkable capacity to sequester heavy metals (HMs) within their tissues, a trait that is closely linked to their symbiotic relationship with a unique set of microbes inhabiting their rhizosphere and endosphere. Despite the pivotal role of HAs in the remediation of HMs, the intricacies of the microbiome characteristics associated with HAs remain largely elusive. This review navigates the intricate microbial landscape of the rhizosphere associated with hyperaccumulating plants. Emphasizing the assembly and colonization dynamics of microbiomes by HAs, it sheds light on the substantial variations in community structure and function during exposure to HMs. Furthermore, this study delves into the multifaceted role of HA-associated microbes in HMs remediation, elucidating both direct and indirect mechanisms employed by these microbial communities in assisting phytoremediation. By providing new insights into the interaction between HAs and their microbial partners, this review highlights the vital contributions of these symbiotic relationships to the efficient extraction and detoxification of toxic metals through phytoremediation.