Atom-by-atom design of Cu/ZrOx clusters on MgO for CO2 hydrogenation using liquid-phase atomic layer deposition

The difficulty of synthesizing uniform atomically precise active sites limits our ability to engineer increasingly more active heterogeneous catalysts for the hydrogenation of CO₂ to methanol. Here we design Cu/ZrO_x clusters on MgO with near atomic precision for CO₂ hydrogenation using a liquid-phase atomic layer deposition method. The controlled cluster structure modulates the binding strength of CO₂ and moderately stabilizes monodentate formate—an essential reaction intermediate for methanol production. We achieved a methanol selectivity of 100 and 76.7% at 200 and 250 °C, respectively and a methanol productivity that was one to two orders of magnitude higher than when the same catalysts were prepared by impregnation. Ab initio computations show that Cu/ZrO_x clusters can tune the oxidation of Zr, which controls the stability of reaction intermediates on the catalyst. Our approach demonstrates the potential of precise atomic control of catalytic clusters to improve catalytic productivity.