Capsaicin: A review of its pharmacology in gastrointestinal health and disorders

Capsaicin is a naturally occurring alkaloid and since its discovery extensive research has shown evidence of its numerous therapeutic effects. Despite some health risks associated with capsaicin, its therapeutic properties are significant. This review aims to thoroughly evaluate the potential of capsaicin in treating gastric and duodenal ulcers, along with the molecular mechanisms underlying its effects, based on both in vitro and in vivo research documented in the literature. The review utilized databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Wiley, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, and Scopus for the literature search. This study explores into the mechanisms by which capsaicin, via its interaction with the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptor, safeguards the gastric mucosa from ulceration. Research indicates that a dose of 2 mg/kg of capsaicin significantly enhances the repair and healing of gastric mucosal damage. Additionally, capsaicin helps prevent ethanol- and aspirin-induced gastric injury. In vitro studies have shown that capsaicin exhibits anti-H. pylori activity against metronidazole-resistant strains. Capsaicin is also recognized for its potent pain and itching relief properties. Capsaicinoids, which are known agonists of the TRPV1 receptor, show considerable promise. Exploring additional receptor pathways while maintaining gastric mucosal health may uncover further innovative therapeutic applications for capsaicin. In conclusion, capsaicin demonstrates notable gastroprotective and ulcer-healing effects through TRPV1 receptor mechanisms and could be a promising candidate for drug development aimed at treating various gastric ulcers.