A critical examination of the physics behind the formation of particle-laden fluid interfaces

Particle trapping is a powerful tool for tailoring fluid interfaces, offering unprecedented control over interfacial properties and behaviors. In this review, we delve into the intricate mechanisms driving the trapping of particles at the fluid interface. By strategically manipulating particles at fluid interfaces, researchers have unlocked a myriad of opportunities for engineering interfacial phenomena with precision and versatility. In fact, particle trapping strategies enable tailored modifications of fluid interfaces that span a wide range of length scales and material systems. This work explores the underlying principles governing particle–surface interactions, highlighting key factors such as particle size, shape, surface chemistry, and interfacial tension. Through a comprehensive examination of recent developments, this review provides valuable insights into the transformative potential of particle trapping for shaping fluid interfaces, paving the way for innovative applications across various disciplines, including materials science, biotechnology, and environmental engineering.