Chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and pyrite chemistry in stratiform sediment-hosted Cu(-Co) metallogenic districts: trace element characteristics and factors controlling polymetallic mineralization

Stratiform sediment-hosted Cu deposits are significant global sources of Cu and other important metals. The Polish Kupferschiefer produces Ag, Au, Pb, Ni, Se, and Re as by-products, whereas Co is one the of most important metals in the stratiform sediment-hosted Cu-Co deposits of the Central African Copperbelt and the Namibian Dolostone Ore Formation deposit. This study combines new and published laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry sulfide trace element data from these stratiform sediment-hosted copper districts. All the investigated districts exhibit sulfides occurring as disseminations and within later veins. Chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and pyrite trace element contents vary significantly between the metallogenic districts as well as between different ore stages. Random Forest discriminates the stratiform sediment-hosted Cu(-Co) districts based on trace element geochemistry. High Ag and Tl in chalcopyrite is attributed to the Polish Kupferschiefer, Ga and Ge to the Katanga Copperbelt, and Zn and In to the Dolostone Ore Formation deposit. Sphalerite from the Polish Kupferschiefer and the Dolostone Ore Formation deposit can be distinguished on the basis of the Fe and Cd contents. Cobalt and As are significantly elevated in pyrite from the Katanga Copperbelt and Mn in pyrite from the Dolostone Ore Formation deposit. The trace element contents also show that the stratiform sediment-hosted Cu(-Co) deposit sulfide data cluster separately from other deposit types. The variation in sulfide trace element contents between the three investigated stratiform sediment-hosted Cu(-Co) districts suggests that sulfide chemistry is related to the geology of the host basin and the nature of the underlying basement, which includes preexisting ore occurrences.