Quaternary Ammonium Compounds Based on Pyridoxine Derivatives: A New Class of Promising Antiseptics (A Review)

The review considers new quaternary ammonium compounds based on pyridoxine derivatives, which were obtained and studied in 2013–2023 at the Research and Educational Center for Pharmacy of the Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University. Four structurally related classes of compounds are discussed, including mono- and bis-ammonium derivatives of pyridoxine, pyridoxine derivatives with cleavable linkers bearing an ammonium moiety, and ammonium derivatives of the unnatural pyridoxine mimetic, 3-hydroxypyridine. Synthetic schemes, biological properties, and key structure–activity relationships of the target structural series are described. For the lead-compounds belonging to specific structural chemotypes, a comprehensive profile of pharmacological properties is described, including antibacterial activity against a wide panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains including clinical isolates; in vitro and in vivo toxicity; influence on the development of drug resistance. The mechanisms of action of the considered compounds as well as the prospects for their practical use are discussed.