Antibiotics for surgical site infections in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery

PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus. Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) for patients undergoing orthognathic surgery of any type, which evaluated surgical site infections (SSI) in either: long-term (at least 2 days) post-surgical antibiotic dosing versus short term (one day) post-surgical dosing for the same drug; or Orthognathic surgery patients administered a post-surgical single-day antibiotic versus a singular pre-operative dosing of any antibiotic in the post-surgical phase. Singe-arm studies, retrospective studies, unpublished data, studies which were not peer-reviewed, editorials and trials not dealing with patients undergoing orthognathic surgery specifically were not included. Data for the publication year, primary author name, location of the study, antibiotic type, antibiotic protocol with its type, dosing and timing, sample size, protocol of the control group, male gender, age, diagnosis and rates of SSIs were extracted from the included studies. Pooled rates of SSIs were utilized to produce risk ratio (RR). A total of eleven RCTs met the inclusion criteria. As per the meta-analysis, post-orthognathic surgery SSI risk was reduced significantly as a result of long-term prophylactic antibiotic usage when compared to short-term utilization. Further, the meta-analysis demonstrated that there was a significant reduction of SSI risk in patients on a single day prophylactic antibiotic regimen in comparison to those on a single preoperative antibiotic dose. The study observed that long-term (2–7 days) prophylactic antibiotics reduce SSI risk when compared to antibiotic administration over a single day. In turn, it was also found that the latter was of greater benefit over a pre-operative single antibiotic dosage.