Nanoscale materials and NO-ROS homeostasis in plants: trilateral dynamics.

Nanoparticles (NPs) have garnered increasing attention for their applications in agriculture and plant science, particularly for their interactions with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (^•NO). NPs, owing to their novel physicochemical properties, can be used to uniquely modulate ROS levels, enabling great control over redox homeostasis and signaling cascades. In addition, NPs may act as carriers for ^•NO donors, thus facilitating controlled and synchronized release and targeted delivery of ^•NO within plant systems. This opinion article provides insights into the current state of knowledge regarding NP interactions with ROS and ^•NO homeostasis in plants, highlighting key findings and knowledge gaps, as well as outlining future research directions in this rapidly expanding and potentially transformative field of research.