Deciphering farnesol's anti-arthritic and immunomodulatory potential by targeting multiple pathways: a combination of network pharmacology guided exploration and experimental verification.

Objective: Farnesol (FAR), a sesquiterpene alcohol, has documented FAR's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Current study was undertaken to assess the efficacy and mechanism of FAR in arthritis by employing network pharmacology and experimental models.

Methods: Two experimental models comprising formaldehyde- and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis evaluated the efficacy of FAR in treating arthritis. Various parameters were assessed. Then, a network pharmacology approach was applied to gain further insight into the potential mechanism and signaling pathways.

Key findings: FAR significantly reduced paw volume and the arthritic score and improved the hematological and biochemical changes. Radiographic and histological examination showed the anti-arthritic efficacy of FAR, which was associated with down-regulation of pro-inflammatory mediators and upregulation of anti-inflammatory mediators. Network pharmacology analysis revealed that FAR may exert its anti-arthritic effects by targeting specific genes associated with arthritis. Pathway analysis revealed the involvement of three key signaling pathways (IL-17 signaling, TNF signaling, and toll-like receptor signaling) in the development and progression of arthritis.

Conclusions: The results pointed out the protective attributes of farnesol against formaldehyde and CFA-induced arthritis via modulation of multiple targets. This study provides a valuable reference for the development of a new treatment or complementary therapy for arthritis.