Spatio-temporal patterns of stomoxyine flies (Diptera: Muscidae) in a forested area of Thailand.

Understanding the distribution patterns of vector populations is crucial for comprehending the dynamics of vector-borne diseases. However, data on vector composition and abundance in areas of forest and wildlife-human interface in Thailand remain limited. This research aimed to investigate the spatio-temporal distribution and species diversity of stomoxyine flies (Diptera: Muscidae) in Salakpra Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand's first wildlife sanctuary. A longitudinal entomological survey was conducted monthly from May 2022 to April 2023 in four habitats: core forest, grassland forest, a wildlife breeding center, and a local cattle farm. A total of 11,256 stomoxyine flies from four genera were captured. Based on morphological keys, nine species of stomoxyine flies were identified: Stomoxys pullus (29.63%), Stomoxys calcitrans (19.65%), Stomoxys indicus (16.09%), Haematostoma austeni (14.23%), Haematobia irritans exigua (8.22%), Haematobosca sanguinolenta (7.96%), Stomoxys uruma (1.98%), Stomoxys sitiens (1.75%), and Stomoxys bengalensis (0.49%). Heterogeneous variations in abundance across months and habitats were observed, in which abundance increased in the rainy season (June-October), exhibiting bimodal peaks at seasonal transitions. Human-disturbed areas, such as the cattle farm, exhibited the highest density and species diversity of stomoxyine flies. In contrast, areas with minimal human disturbance, like core forest, had low diversity and density but supported unique species, like the abundant Haematostoma austeni, which had minor populations in other types of habitats. The results of this study can be integrated into epidemiological models and lay the groundwork for more comprehensive research on vector-borne diseases at the wildlife-livestock interface to mitigate transmission risks and preserve biodiversity.