Fungal Lung Disease.

Fungal lung disease encompasses a wide spectrum of organisms and associated clinical conditions presenting a significant global health challenge with type and severity determined by underlying host immunity and infecting fungal strain. The most common group of diseases are associated with the filamentous fungus Aspergillus spp. and include allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), sensitization, aspergilloma, and chronic and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Fungal lung disease remains epidemiologically heterogenous and is influenced by geography, environment, and host comorbidities. Diagnostic modalities continue to evolve and now include novel molecular assays and biomarkers, however, persisting challenges include achieving rapid and accurate diagnosis, particularly in resource-limited settings and in differentiating fungal infection from other pulmonary conditions. Treatment strategies for fungal lung diseases rely mainly on antifungal agents, however, the emergence of drug-resistant strains poses a substantial global threat and adds complexity to existing therapeutic challenges. Emerging antifungal agents and increasing insight into lung mycobiome via may offer fresh and personalized approaches to diagnosis and treatment, while innovative methodologies are required to mitigate drug resistance and adverse effects of treatment. This state-of-the-art review describes the current landscape of fungal lung disease, highlighting key clinical insights, current challenges, and emerging approaches for its diagnosis and treatment.