Mio-pliocene evolution of deep-water channels on the northeastern Bengal fan: Records of signals of Himalaya uplift and South Asian Monsoon from source areas

Submarine channels, acting as major conduits for delivering terrestrial sediments into the deep sea, are sensitive to source-region uplift and climate variations. Using new 3D seismic data, previously published paleoenvironmental data, and IODP/ODP data, we characterize stratigraphic time changes in deep-water channels on the northeastern Bengal Fan and suggest that their long-term evolution relates to contemporaneous changes of Himalaya uplift and South Asian Monsoon. Our results show that around the boundary between the Miocene and Pliocene Epochs, the sedimentary characteristics of deep-water channels were changing at about the same time as decreased rates of Himalaya uplift and changes in the monsoonal climate. It is strongly suggested that environmental signals could successfully propagate from the Himalaya to the deep sea and play a dominant control on the long-term evolution of deep-water channels. During the late Miocene, orogen-wide and substantial Himalaya uplift and humid monsoonal climates (dominance of summer monsoon) generated a sediment supply with high fluxes, which allowed coarser-grained sediments to reach further into the basin and thus caused the formation of larger-scale, non-leveed erosional channels that have avulsion and confluence phenomena. After the Miocene, local and limited Himalaya uplift and arid monsoonal climates (dominance of winter monsoon) led to a sediment supply with low fluxes, during which only finer-grained sediments reached deep water and gave rise to smaller-scale, leveed aggradational channels that mainly have splay deposits. Between the late-Miocene and post-Miocene periods, detrital zircon U-Pb ages of Bengal Fan samples from IODP cores reflect a sediment provenance change from the mixing of Brahmaputra and Ganges Rivers to the end-member of Brahmaputra River, broadly coeval with the variations of Himalaya uplift and South Asian Monsoon. Moreover, Bengal Fan cores record a Mio-Pliocene decrease in sedimentation rates and maximum grain sizes and an increase in mudstone contents, consistent with the variations of sediment yield in the source catchments. Observations and interpretations from the current study, therefore, contribute to a better understanding of how the long-term evolution of submarine channels respond to tectonic and climatic perturbations in source areas and may help recognizing similar process-response relationships in other areas.