Advances in Fourier infrared spectroscopy for noninvasive diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: Analysis and prospects for application based on blood, urine and saliva samples

Diabetes, a prevalent metabolic disorder, is typically diagnosed through the analysis of blood samples. Biochemical assays predicated on blood analysis, while affording a high degree of accuracy, inherently involve an invasive procedure and present logistical inconveniences for patients, thereby necessitating the exploration of alternative diagnostic modalities. In recent years, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) has emerged as a promising tool for the rapid, sensitive, cost-effective, and non-invasive investigation of diagnostic modalities for diabetes mellitus, offering a novel avenue for advancing diabetes management strategies. This review offers a comprehensive summary of the current research landscape in recent years, focusing on the application of FTIR analysis for the detection of biological body fluids in the context of diabetes diagnosis. It encompasses an introductory overview of the research methodology employed for diagnosing diabetes through the analysis of three distinct body fluids, along with a forward-looking perspective on its potential implications and applications. The review commences with a comprehensive overview of the introduction and utilization of blood, urine, and saliva samples in the context of diabetes research. A meticulous comparison of existing research findings underscores the efficacy of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as a discriminating tool for differentiating body fluid samples derived from diabetic patients and those from healthy individuals. This advanced technique exhibits remarkable capability in identifying and distinguishing among diabetic patients by precisely quantifying the intensity and frequency of characteristic spectral peaks corresponding to specific biochemical components present within body fluids. FTIR spectroscopy holds promising clinical applications for diabetes diagnosis in body fluids, aiming to enable early detection and non-invasive monitoring via rapid biomarker identification.