Evaluating the effects of azelaic acid in the metabolism of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings through untargeted metabolomics and ionomics approaches.

The present study demonstrates that low concentrations of azelaic acid (AZA) significantly impact the metabolism of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, leading to imbalances in numerous minerals and metabolites due to AZA-induced stress. Untargeted metabolomic analyses were conducted on untreated and AZA-treated seedlings at two time points: 7 and 14 days after treatment initiation. The results revealed a general accumulation of sugars (e.g., glucose, mannose, xylose), amino acids (e.g., lysine, GABA, threonine, glutamine), and organic acids (e.g., glutaric acid, shikimic acid, succinic acid) in AZA treated-seedlings, suggesting that AZA triggers stress responses in Arabidopsis. Ionomic analysis revealed that AZA induces phosphorus deficiency, which plants compensate by increasing malate content in the roots. Additionally, AZA treatment induced putrescine accumulation within the root, a metabolic biomarker of potassium deficiency and plant stress. The metabolomic profile showed elevated levels of different specialized metabolites, such as nitrogen- and sulphur-containing compounds, and altered levels of various phytohormones, including jasmonates and brassinosteroids, implicated in plant protection under biotic and/or abiotic stresses. These findings support the hypothesis that AZA's mode of action is associated with an auxin imbalance, suggesting its function as an auxinic herbicide. The observed increases in starch and jasmonates, coupled with the disruptions in potassium homeostasis, are linked to the previously reported alterations in the auxin transport, root architecture and gravitropic root response. Statistical analyses were applied, including Kruskal-Wallis tests for ionomic data, as well as multifactor analysis, Principal Component Analysis, Orthogonal Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis, and enrichment pathway analysis for metabolomic data, ensuring the robustness and validity of these findings.