早期宇宙中快速旋转的超大黑洞的诞生

Kohei Inayoshi and Kohei Ichikawa
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摘要

詹姆斯-韦伯太空望远镜(JWST)在暗淡的宽线活动星系核(AGN)中发现了许多大质量黑洞(BHs)。这一发现凸显了被尘埃遮蔽的AGN群(被称为 "小红点(LRD)")的存在,它们比X射线选择的AGN更为丰富,后者受遮蔽的影响较小。这一发现表明,当红移超过z∼6时,这一族群中的BH的宇宙增长率不仅没有降低,反而有所提高。从它们的光度函数推导出的BH吸积率密度明显高于其他X射线和红外波段AGN巡天的结果。为了使BH吸积的累积质量密度与BH质量函数积分推导出的z≃4-5时观测到的BH质量密度一致,辐射效率必须比10%的标准值增加一倍,达到超过>3σ置信水平的显著性。这表明在薄盘近似条件下,这些BH中存在着最大极限为96%的快速自旋,它是通过长时间的质量吸积而不是随机定向流入的混乱吸积来维持的。此外,我们还推导出了承载这些低速轨道碎片的星系的恒星质量上限,确保了与标准宇宙学模型中星系形成的一致性,在标准宇宙学模型中,宿主恒星质量受到可用重子库的限制。我们的分析给出了BH与星系质量比的下限,这个下限超过了附近宇宙中已知的典型值,并且与JWST探测到的未遮挡AGN的质量比一致。据此,我们提出了一个假设,即在再电离时代,LRD内部高密度、富尘埃的环境有利于快速旋转和超大质量的BH群的出现。这种假设预测了相对论喷流和其他高能现象与早期宇宙中超大质量 BH 之间的潜在联系。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Birth of Rapidly Spinning, Overmassive Black Holes in the Early Universe
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has unveiled numerous massive black holes (BHs) in faint, broad-line active galactic nuclei (AGNs). The discovery highlights the presence of dust-reddened AGN populations, referred to as “little red dots (LRDs),” more abundant than X-ray-selected AGNs, which are less influenced by obscuration. This finding indicates that the cosmic growth rate of BHs within this population does not decrease but rather increases at higher redshifts beyond z ∼ 6. The BH accretion rate density deduced from their luminosity function is remarkably higher than that from other AGN surveys in X-ray and infrared bands. To align the cumulative mass density accreted to BHs with the observed BH mass density at z ≃ 4–5, as derived from the integration of the BH mass function, the radiative efficiency must be doubled from the canonical 10% value, achieving significance beyond the >3σ confidence level. This suggests the presence of rapid spins with 96% of the maximum limit among these BHs under the thin-disk approximation, maintained by prolonged mass accretion instead of chaotic accretion with randomly oriented inflows. Moreover, we derive an upper bound for the stellar mass of galaxies hosting these LRDs, ensuring consistency with galaxy formation in the standard cosmological model, where the host stellar mass is limited by the available baryonic reservoir. Our analysis gives a lower bound for the BH-to-galaxy mass ratio that exceeds the typical value known in the nearby universe and aligns with that for JWST-detected unobscured AGNs. Accordingly, we propose a hypothesis that the dense, dust-rich environments within LRDs facilitate the emergence of rapidly spinning and overmassive BH populations during the epoch of reionization. This scenario predicts a potential association between relativistic jets and other high-energy phenomena with overmassive BHs in the early universe.
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