An AC Z-bus-based distribution factors for contingency analysis of AC–DC networks

The AC–DC networks are susceptible to deliberate and unforeseen contingencies, much like any other traditional power network. Due to the complex form of the unified impedance matrix derived for the provided network, the classic Z-bus-based contingency analysis approach cannot comprehend the AC–DC network. The distribution factors thus obtained from a unified complex Z-bus lead to an indication of the flow of complex current for DC lines. Therefore, an alternative method to discover post-contingency consequences is looked for. A streamlined approach for visualizing an equivalent AC network for the given AC–DC network has been proposed in this work. The AC-equivalent network takes the original AC–DC network and recreates it using two parallel AC networks to get the requisite distribution factors. The ultimate current/power distributions of the original AC–DC network can be determined by applying the superposition rule to the parallel networks, by the linear characteristics of the suggested technique. With this, the standard AC-contingency analysis method to complete the steady-state contingency analysis for the AC–DC network can be utilized. The proposed approach has been validated by the encouraging outcomes achieved for AC–DC networks with 10, 13, and 66 buses.