Characteristics and Drivers of Soil Ecological Stoichiometry in Saline–Alkali Areas of Western Jilin Province, Northeast China

Soil ecological stoichiometry (SES) provides an important approach in exploring chemical element balance relationships and ecosystem structure and function, but the characterization, significance, and drivers of SES in saline–alkali areas have not been well studied. Soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) were measured and their SES ratios were calculated from 155 soil samples collected at a depth of 20 cm in the saline–alkali soil zone of western Jilin Province, China. The results showed that SOC, TN, and TP contents and SES ratios (52:4:3) were lower in this region than in terrestrial ecosystems both in China as a whole and globally. The distribution of SOC, TN, and TP in saline–alkali soil varied significantly across land use types, with high concentrations mainly in woodland, grassland, and cropland. SOC, TN, and TP were tightly coupled, with significant positive correlations (p < 0.01), and C:N was significantly negatively correlated (p < 0.01) with the other SES ratios, indicating that saline–alkali soils are susceptible to carbon and nitrogen limitation. The distribution patterns of SOC, TN, TP, and their eco-chemometrics on the environmental gradient were variable, mainly in the form of significant decreases with increasing mean annual precipitation, mean annual temperature, and elevation. Cropland was most affected by environmental factors, and all SES except TP were affected by environmental factors. Soil nutrient (44.9%) and soil texture (9.8%) contributed the most to explaining SES in the saline–alkali soil zone, while climate (1.6%) and vegetation (0.4%) contributed the least to the explanation. All land use types were most explained by AN, except for woodland SES, which was most explained by AP. Elevation (17.4%) possessed a high degree of explanation for SES on underutilized land, except for the soil itself. Grassland is the land category most affected by climatic factors (12.7%). By applying biochar, nitrogen fertilizer, and planting saline-tolerant crops such as Leymus chinensis, the soil structure can be effectively improved and the content of carbon and nitrogen in the soil can be increased, which has a positive effect on the improvement of saline–alkali soil. The results of the study provide information that can be used to help saline–alkali areas cope with environmental and climate change and restore degraded ecosystems.