Assessing the impact of off-grid solar electricity in protected areas: A capabilities analysis of the Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary, India

This paper argues that simply increasing electricity connections may not result in the true realization of universal access to clean energy. It endorses the idea that energy services should be assessed from a capability perspective. Therefore, the study aims to assess the role of solar electricity in improving people's well-being on socioeconomic and environmental fronts. The data has been collected from 350 randomly selected households from 20 villages using a household schedule, and a qualitative approach has been used for analysis. Focused group discussions and key informant interviews have been used for in-depth understanding. The findings suggest that it has the potential to improve people's well-being by offering quality lighting, a healthy environment, and enhancing safety. Further, every household has been saving an average of 84 kg of CO₂, 2 kg of black carbon, and 2 kg of PM_2.5 emissions per year. Furthermore, they save ₹2200 on their lighting energy expenses and ₹600 on the social cost of CO₂ emissions yearly. However, this does not create opportunities for new economic activities. Frequent failures of solar plants and a lack of maintenance services limit plants' lifespans and widen people's dissatisfaction. It can be a long-term solution for protected areas, but only if it adds value to their lives by offering livelihood opportunities and satisfying their aspirational demand. Reducing the electrician's workload can improve maintenance services. Improvements in plant lightning protection systems can help to avoid frequent breakdowns. Lastly, improving the complaint system and awareness regarding using appropriate electric appliances can be fruitful.