Effect of promoters in hydrates based carbon dioxide capture: A review

Climate change necessitates a paradigm shift toward using clean energy technologies and carbon dioxide (CO₂) capture from emitting sources to alleviate the greenhouse effect and meet sustainable development objectives. Among the competing carbon capture technologies, high CO₂ storage capacity, use of water, and low capturing cost are critical advantages for applying gas hydrate based CO₂ capture. However, high equilibrium pressure and slow kinetics are issues in gas hydrate formation. The review contributes an exhaustive analysis of hydrate based technology and the additives used to stimulate hydrate formation, focusing on thermodynamic and kinetic promoters. Furthermore, the recent emerging research progress of hydrate-based CO₂ capture encompassing nanoparticles, porous materials, synergists, and hybrid hydrate-membrane methods is also presented. Heat integration in the process of novel hydrate-membrane with promoters has drawn attention appreciably to tackle energy, cost, and ecological concerns, including improvement in technology readiness level. Furthermore, innovative approaches, challenges, and aligned research and development opportunities are presented, which will assist the researchers in exploring advanced promoters and hybrid integrated technologies to compete with existing CO₂ capture technologies.