A review of the current scenario and best possible solution for fecal sludge management (FSM) in India

Fecal Sludge (FS) is partially digested slurry which is collected from onsite sanitation system (OSSs) such as septic tanks and pit latrines and dumped into nallas, open drains, open lands and water bodies. The current research is motivated by the awful situation and difficulties associated with managing FS in India. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of FS production, gaps, challenges, impact, and the most cost-effective FS treatment solution for cities of India. The potential for commercialization as well as the reuse of treated FS in Indian cities are covered in this research. The current status of FS management in Indian cities is also reported through fecal waste flow diagram. Many septic tanks are poorly constructed, outdated, and do not meet required specifications in Indian cities. Groundwater is one of India's most valuable resources, and it is also impacted by seepage or infiltration of contaminants from septic tanks. UNICEF claims that if FS is not properly treated, it can pollute the surrounding environment, and drinking water supplies can cause severe diseases such as diarrhoea, dysentery and cholera. A survey revealed that a significant portion of urban India is unsewered and lacks access to adequate sanitation. Hence, there is an urgent need to conduct research in this area to better understand the impact of FS on water resources and land quality. Many individuals and groups from the public, commercial, and civil society sectors are required for the safe handling of FS at every point of the sanitation chain, from the household user to the final disposal of treated FS. To achieve Sustainable Development Goal 6 "clean water and sanitation" by 2030, there is an urgent need for cost-effective FSM solutions for developing countries.