Protective and harmful social and psychological factors associated with mood and anxiety disorders in perimenopausal women: A narrative review

Perimenopause is often called a window of vulnerability for the development or exacerbation of mood and anxiety disorders. Evidence points to social and psychological factors contributing to the onset of mood and anxiety disorders or the symptoms of depression and anxiety during perimenopause. Therefore, the purpose of this narrative review was to synthesize the findings of studies examining associations between social and psychological factors and the development of mood and anxiety disorders and the symptoms of depression and anxiety during perimenopause. PsychINFO, Ovid MEDLINE, and CINAHL were searched for studies (published between January 2014 and November 2023) assessing the social and psychological factors associated with perimenopausal mood and anxiety disorders and the symptoms of depression and anxiety. These factors were categorized as either protective or harmful. Study quality was assessed using STROBE guidelines. The search yielded 17 studies. Social support was identified as a social factor protective against perimenopausal depression and anxiety. Resiliency characteristics were reported to be protective psychological factors associated with fewer depressive symptoms. Mental health history, family history of major depressive disorder, trait anxiety and neuroticism, stressful life events, adverse childhood events, and chronic stress were categorized as harmful psychological factors associated with depression during perimenopause. Limited research has been conducted to understand factors associated with perimenopausal anxiety. The identification of these social and psychological factors associated with mood and anxiety disorders during perimenopause will help lead to earlier detection of women at risk and the development of multifaceted interventions.