对建议用作野外消防员呼吸保护的 3 种面具的实地调查:在加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省进行的随机对照试验。

IF 1.8 4区 医学 Q3 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
Natasha Broznitsky, Mona Shum, David Kinniburgh, Drew Lichty, Sylvia Tiu, Taryn Toic, Tanis Zadunayski, Nicola Cherry
{"title":"对建议用作野外消防员呼吸保护的 3 种面具的实地调查:在加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省进行的随机对照试验。","authors":"Natasha Broznitsky, Mona Shum, David Kinniburgh, Drew Lichty, Sylvia Tiu, Taryn Toic, Tanis Zadunayski, Nicola Cherry","doi":"10.1093/annweh/wxae073","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Wildland firefighters are exposed through the lungs and skin to particulate matter, fumes, and vapors containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Wearing respiratory protection should reduce pulmonary exposure, but there is uncertainty about the most effective and acceptable type of mask.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Firefighters from 6 unit crews working with the British Columbia Wildfire Service were approached and those consenting were randomly allocated within each crew to a \"no mask\" control group or to use 1 of 3 types of masks: X, half-face respirator with P100/multi gas cartridge; Y, cloth with alpaca filter; Z mesh fabric with a carbon filter. Crews were followed for 3 consecutive firefighting days. The mask allocated was constant for each firefighter throughout. All participants completed a brief questionnaire at the start and end of each day, giving information on mask use, respiratory symptoms, and assessment of mask qualities. Spot urine samples were collected pre and post shift to assess 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HP) concentration as an indicator of total PAH absorption. Skin wipe samples from the hands and throat were collected pre and post shift and analyzed for PAH concentration. On each day monitored, 4 participants carried sampling pumps to measure total particulates and PAHs on particles and in vapor phase. The primary outcome was the concentration of urinary 1-HP at the end of the fire day. Secondary outcomes were changes in respiratory and eye symptoms during the course of the shift, reported mask use, and perception of mask qualities. The analysis used a 3-level random intercept regression model that clustered observations within individuals and crews. We aimed to detect any relation of allocated mask type to the 4 outcomes, having allowed for estimated exposure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Information was collected from 89 firefighters, including 14 women: 49% (37/75) of male firefighters were bearded. Nineteen fire days were monitored for a total of 263 firefighter × days, 64 to 68 for each intervention group. The end of shift 1-HP was higher than the start of the shift. Urinary 1-HP was more strongly related to PAHs on the skin than in the breathing zone. Men with beards had higher end-of-shift urinary log 1-HP/creat (ng/g) than other firefighters. None of the groups allocated a mask had lower 1-HP than the no-mask group, either in the study group overall or when stratified by beard-wearing. Among those without either beards or a failed fit-test, Mask Z reduced at the end of shift 1-HP where airborne PAH concentration was high. End-of-shift symptoms were related to particle mass in the breathing zone but was not mitigated by any of the masks. Hours electing not to wear a mask increased from the first to third shift for all mask types. Mask Z was rated as more comfortable than other types. Mask X was rated highest on fit and perceived protection. Mask Y gained the lowest ratings on fit, comfort and feelings of protection.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Allocated masks did not provide protection overall, but the results highlighted the need for a wider understanding of the circumstances in which wearing efficient protection is well-advised.</p>","PeriodicalId":8362,"journal":{"name":"Annals Of Work Exposures and Health","volume":" ","pages":"906-918"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8000,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11586274/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"A field investigation of 3 masks proposed as respiratory protection for wildland firefighters: a randomized controlled trial in British Columbia, Canada.\",\"authors\":\"Natasha Broznitsky, Mona Shum, David Kinniburgh, Drew Lichty, Sylvia Tiu, Taryn Toic, Tanis Zadunayski, Nicola Cherry\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/annweh/wxae073\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Wildland firefighters are exposed through the lungs and skin to particulate matter, fumes, and vapors containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Wearing respiratory protection should reduce pulmonary exposure, but there is uncertainty about the most effective and acceptable type of mask.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Firefighters from 6 unit crews working with the British Columbia Wildfire Service were approached and those consenting were randomly allocated within each crew to a \\\"no mask\\\" control group or to use 1 of 3 types of masks: X, half-face respirator with P100/multi gas cartridge; Y, cloth with alpaca filter; Z mesh fabric with a carbon filter. Crews were followed for 3 consecutive firefighting days. The mask allocated was constant for each firefighter throughout. All participants completed a brief questionnaire at the start and end of each day, giving information on mask use, respiratory symptoms, and assessment of mask qualities. Spot urine samples were collected pre and post shift to assess 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HP) concentration as an indicator of total PAH absorption. Skin wipe samples from the hands and throat were collected pre and post shift and analyzed for PAH concentration. On each day monitored, 4 participants carried sampling pumps to measure total particulates and PAHs on particles and in vapor phase. The primary outcome was the concentration of urinary 1-HP at the end of the fire day. Secondary outcomes were changes in respiratory and eye symptoms during the course of the shift, reported mask use, and perception of mask qualities. The analysis used a 3-level random intercept regression model that clustered observations within individuals and crews. We aimed to detect any relation of allocated mask type to the 4 outcomes, having allowed for estimated exposure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Information was collected from 89 firefighters, including 14 women: 49% (37/75) of male firefighters were bearded. Nineteen fire days were monitored for a total of 263 firefighter × days, 64 to 68 for each intervention group. The end of shift 1-HP was higher than the start of the shift. Urinary 1-HP was more strongly related to PAHs on the skin than in the breathing zone. Men with beards had higher end-of-shift urinary log 1-HP/creat (ng/g) than other firefighters. None of the groups allocated a mask had lower 1-HP than the no-mask group, either in the study group overall or when stratified by beard-wearing. Among those without either beards or a failed fit-test, Mask Z reduced at the end of shift 1-HP where airborne PAH concentration was high. End-of-shift symptoms were related to particle mass in the breathing zone but was not mitigated by any of the masks. Hours electing not to wear a mask increased from the first to third shift for all mask types. Mask Z was rated as more comfortable than other types. Mask X was rated highest on fit and perceived protection. Mask Y gained the lowest ratings on fit, comfort and feelings of protection.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Allocated masks did not provide protection overall, but the results highlighted the need for a wider understanding of the circumstances in which wearing efficient protection is well-advised.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":8362,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Annals Of Work Exposures and Health\",\"volume\":\" \",\"pages\":\"906-918\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":1.8000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-11-25\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11586274/pdf/\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Annals Of Work Exposures and Health\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"3\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxae073\",\"RegionNum\":4,\"RegionCategory\":\"医学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q3\",\"JCRName\":\"PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Annals Of Work Exposures and Health","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxae073","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0

摘要

简介:野地消防员会通过肺部和皮肤接触到含有多环芳烃 (PAH) 的颗粒物质、烟雾和蒸汽。佩戴呼吸保护装置可减少肺部暴露,但最有效、最可接受的面罩类型尚不确定:我们联系了在不列颠哥伦比亚省野外消防局工作的 6 支消防队的消防员,并将同意的消防员随机分配到 "无面具 "对照组或使用 3 种面具中的 1 种:X,带 P100/多种气体滤芯的半面式呼吸器;Y,带羊驼毛过滤器的布;Z,带碳过滤器的网状织物。连续 3 个消防日对消防员进行跟踪。每名消防员分配的面罩始终保持不变。所有参与者在每天开始和结束时都要填写一份简短的问卷,提供有关面罩使用、呼吸道症状和面罩质量评估的信息。在班前和班后收集点滴尿样,以评估 1- 羟基芘 (1-HP) 的浓度,作为多环芳烃总吸收量的指标。在班前和班后收集手部和喉咙的皮肤擦拭样本,并分析多环芳烃的浓度。在监测的每一天,4 名参与者携带采样泵测量颗粒物和气相中的总颗粒物和多环芳烃。主要结果是火灾日结束时尿中 1-HP 的浓度。次要结果是当班期间呼吸道和眼睛症状的变化、报告的口罩使用情况以及对口罩质量的感知。分析采用了 3 级随机截距回归模型,将观察结果聚类到个人和机组中。我们的目标是在考虑到估计暴露量的情况下,检测分配的面具类型与 4 种结果之间的关系:我们收集了 89 名消防员的信息,其中包括 14 名女性:49%(37/75)的男性消防员留有胡须。对 19 个消防日进行了监测,共计 263 个消防员 × 天,每个干预组为 64 到 68 天。轮班结束时的 1-HP 比轮班开始时高。尿液中的 1-HP 与皮肤上的多环芳烃的关系比与呼吸区的多环芳烃的关系更为密切。与其他消防员相比,留胡子的男性在班末尿液中的 1-HP/creat 对数(纳克/克)更高。无论是在整个研究小组中,还是在按留胡子情况进行分层时,戴面罩组的 1-HP 均低于不戴面罩组。在既未留胡子也未通过佩戴面具测试的消防员中,在空气中多环芳烃浓度较高的情况下,佩戴面具 Z 会降低下班时的 1-HP 值。班末症状与呼吸区的颗粒质量有关,但任何口罩都无法减轻。从第一班到第三班,所有类型的口罩都增加了不戴口罩的小时数。Z 型口罩被评为比其他类型口罩更舒适。X 型口罩在佩戴舒适度和防护感方面得分最高。Y 型口罩在佩戴舒适度和防护感方面的评分最低:结论:分配的口罩总体上不能提供保护,但结果突出表明,有必要更广泛地了解在哪些情况下佩戴有效的保护装置是明智之举。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
A field investigation of 3 masks proposed as respiratory protection for wildland firefighters: a randomized controlled trial in British Columbia, Canada.

Introduction: Wildland firefighters are exposed through the lungs and skin to particulate matter, fumes, and vapors containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Wearing respiratory protection should reduce pulmonary exposure, but there is uncertainty about the most effective and acceptable type of mask.

Methods: Firefighters from 6 unit crews working with the British Columbia Wildfire Service were approached and those consenting were randomly allocated within each crew to a "no mask" control group or to use 1 of 3 types of masks: X, half-face respirator with P100/multi gas cartridge; Y, cloth with alpaca filter; Z mesh fabric with a carbon filter. Crews were followed for 3 consecutive firefighting days. The mask allocated was constant for each firefighter throughout. All participants completed a brief questionnaire at the start and end of each day, giving information on mask use, respiratory symptoms, and assessment of mask qualities. Spot urine samples were collected pre and post shift to assess 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HP) concentration as an indicator of total PAH absorption. Skin wipe samples from the hands and throat were collected pre and post shift and analyzed for PAH concentration. On each day monitored, 4 participants carried sampling pumps to measure total particulates and PAHs on particles and in vapor phase. The primary outcome was the concentration of urinary 1-HP at the end of the fire day. Secondary outcomes were changes in respiratory and eye symptoms during the course of the shift, reported mask use, and perception of mask qualities. The analysis used a 3-level random intercept regression model that clustered observations within individuals and crews. We aimed to detect any relation of allocated mask type to the 4 outcomes, having allowed for estimated exposure.

Results: Information was collected from 89 firefighters, including 14 women: 49% (37/75) of male firefighters were bearded. Nineteen fire days were monitored for a total of 263 firefighter × days, 64 to 68 for each intervention group. The end of shift 1-HP was higher than the start of the shift. Urinary 1-HP was more strongly related to PAHs on the skin than in the breathing zone. Men with beards had higher end-of-shift urinary log 1-HP/creat (ng/g) than other firefighters. None of the groups allocated a mask had lower 1-HP than the no-mask group, either in the study group overall or when stratified by beard-wearing. Among those without either beards or a failed fit-test, Mask Z reduced at the end of shift 1-HP where airborne PAH concentration was high. End-of-shift symptoms were related to particle mass in the breathing zone but was not mitigated by any of the masks. Hours electing not to wear a mask increased from the first to third shift for all mask types. Mask Z was rated as more comfortable than other types. Mask X was rated highest on fit and perceived protection. Mask Y gained the lowest ratings on fit, comfort and feelings of protection.

Conclusions: Allocated masks did not provide protection overall, but the results highlighted the need for a wider understanding of the circumstances in which wearing efficient protection is well-advised.

求助全文
通过发布文献求助,成功后即可免费获取论文全文。 去求助
来源期刊
Annals Of Work Exposures and Health
Annals Of Work Exposures and Health Medicine-Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
CiteScore
4.60
自引率
19.20%
发文量
79
期刊介绍: About the Journal Annals of Work Exposures and Health is dedicated to presenting advances in exposure science supporting the recognition, quantification, and control of exposures at work, and epidemiological studies on their effects on human health and well-being. A key question we apply to submission is, "Is this paper going to help readers better understand, quantify, and control conditions at work that adversely or positively affect health and well-being?" We are interested in high quality scientific research addressing: the quantification of work exposures, including chemical, biological, physical, biomechanical, and psychosocial, and the elements of work organization giving rise to such exposures; the relationship between these exposures and the acute and chronic health consequences for those exposed and their families and communities; populations at special risk of work-related exposures including women, under-represented minorities, immigrants, and other vulnerable groups such as temporary, contingent and informal sector workers; the effectiveness of interventions addressing exposure and risk including production technologies, work process engineering, and personal protective systems; policies and management approaches to reduce risk and improve health and well-being among workers, their families or communities; methodologies and mechanisms that underlie the quantification and/or control of exposure and risk. There is heavy pressure on space in the journal, and the above interests mean that we do not usually publish papers that simply report local conditions without generalizable results. We are also unlikely to publish reports on human health and well-being without information on the work exposure characteristics giving rise to the effects. We particularly welcome contributions from scientists based in, or addressing conditions in, developing economies that fall within the above scope.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
copy
已复制链接
快去分享给好友吧!
我知道了
右上角分享
点击右上角分享
0
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术官方微信