River-estuary continuum highlighted by variabilities in carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of the catadromous eel Anguilla japonica.

Estuaries exhibit high physicochemical variability and the properties of estuaries and the constituent segments are not yet systematically understood. This study aims to reveal the spatial heterogeneity of predominant organic sources using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N, respectively) of Japanese eels (Anguilla japonica), one of the ideal natural samplers. In the Miyakoda River, Japan, our study site, the effectiveness of eel δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values as standard indices of predominant organic sources was tested by employing the River Continuum Concept. This study then extended the application of these indices to the estuary, i.e., the Hamana Lake system, into which the Miyakoda River flows. Once in the upper estuary, eel δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values became high, with the latter peaking in this river-estuary continuum, indicating that artificial labile subsidies (nutrients and organic matter) with high δ¹⁵N values were rapidly assimilated into the food web. Eel δ¹⁵N values decreased again in the middle estuary. Nevertheless, the influence of terrestrial organic subsidies extended into this segment, as evidenced by the low δ¹³C values of eels. These results suggest that refractory organic matter with low δ¹⁵N values, such as plant-derived ones, is slowly assimilated into the food web in the downstream estuarine segments. The higher δ¹³C values in the lower estuary suggested that the contribution of eelgrass or macroalgae occurred in addition to benthic microalgae. Thus, our results emphasize the need to consider the multiple energy flows to understand the estuary as a continuum.