The photocatalytic H2O2 production: Design strategies, Photocatalyst advancements, environmental applications and future prospects

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is a multipurpose and highly efficient agent that may be used as an oxidizing agent in several fields, including the bleaching industry, pollution control, medical treatments, and chemical synthesis. The existing approach for producing H₂O₂ is regarded as neither affordable nor environmentally friendly owing to its high energy requirements and the emission of hazardous organic compounds. The photocatalytic H₂O₂ production is a sustainable and economical process that uses water (H₂O) and gaseous oxygen (O₂) as its primary inputs and light as the energy source. However, the low capacity to absorb light, rapid interaction of the particles, and insufficient internal functioning of activated sites in unmodified photocatalysts hinder the achievement of high yields in photocatalytic H₂O₂ generation. The sustainable production of H₂O₂ from H₂O and O₂ through photocatalysis has been a persistent challenge. Nevertheless, it has the potential to substitute for conventional production methods. The current article outlines methods for improving the efficiency of H₂O₂ generation and optimizing the design and properties of metal-free-based photocatalysts at the molecular level. These techniques are intended to enhance the overall efficiency of photocatalysis. We provide a brief overview of significant developments in the research and development of advanced photocatalytic materials that are especially engineered for generating H₂O₂ via the use of light energy. This study provides a comprehensive discussion of the core principles and advantages of H₂O₂ photosynthesis. Subsequently, it classifies and precisely evaluates the key components included in this procedure. Finally, it provides an overview outlook on how to address possible challenges and realize opportunities in the area of photocatalytic H₂O₂ production. This work aims to validate present challenges and progress in the photosynthesis of H₂O₂, while providing insights for the production of exceptionally effective photocatalysts to allow that follows the development of photocatalytic H₂O₂ production.