{"title":"单级和双级均匀化处理对线材+电弧快速成型 2319 Al 合金微观结构和性能的影响","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2024.114389","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, the effect of homogenization treatments (single and double stage) on the wire + arc additively manufactured (WAAM) 2319 aluminum (Al) alloy were analyzed. This involved an in-depth study on the diffusion and dissolution of eutectic phases (α(Al) + θ(Al<sub>2</sub>Cu)) in the matrix using microstructural characterization techniques (DSC, XRD, optical and electron microscopy). Homogenization treatment parameters (temperature and time) were pre-determined based on DSC analyses. These parameters were later confirmed using homogenization kinetics calculations. A single-stage homogenization at 530 °C/24 h facilitated an almost complete diffusion of θ phase, but some of them remained undissolved at the grain boundaries. This treatment resulted in the reduction of hardness, ultimate tensile strength and yield strength by 26.0 %, 28.5 % and 28.8 %, respectively. A double-stage homogenization at 480 °C/8 h + 530 °C/24 h facilitated diffusion of Cu and dissolution of θ phases. This treatment improved the elongation (by 2.8 %), while the hardness, ultimate tensile strength and yield strength was still reduced by 28.7 %, 28.3 % and 26.2 %, respectively. θ phase at the grain boundaries almost disappeared, with several small θ phase particles remained within the grain. The homogenization treatments eliminated the segregation of θ phase and Cu element formed during the additive manufacturing (AM) process, improved the homogeneity of the WAAM 2319 Al alloy microstructures but with a compromise in the mechanical properties.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8000,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Effect of single and double stage homogenization treatments on microstructure and properties of wire + arc additively manufactured 2319 Al alloy\",\"authors\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.matchar.2024.114389\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><p>In this study, the effect of homogenization treatments (single and double stage) on the wire + arc additively manufactured (WAAM) 2319 aluminum (Al) alloy were analyzed. This involved an in-depth study on the diffusion and dissolution of eutectic phases (α(Al) + θ(Al<sub>2</sub>Cu)) in the matrix using microstructural characterization techniques (DSC, XRD, optical and electron microscopy). Homogenization treatment parameters (temperature and time) were pre-determined based on DSC analyses. These parameters were later confirmed using homogenization kinetics calculations. A single-stage homogenization at 530 °C/24 h facilitated an almost complete diffusion of θ phase, but some of them remained undissolved at the grain boundaries. This treatment resulted in the reduction of hardness, ultimate tensile strength and yield strength by 26.0 %, 28.5 % and 28.8 %, respectively. A double-stage homogenization at 480 °C/8 h + 530 °C/24 h facilitated diffusion of Cu and dissolution of θ phases. This treatment improved the elongation (by 2.8 %), while the hardness, ultimate tensile strength and yield strength was still reduced by 28.7 %, 28.3 % and 26.2 %, respectively. θ phase at the grain boundaries almost disappeared, with several small θ phase particles remained within the grain. The homogenization treatments eliminated the segregation of θ phase and Cu element formed during the additive manufacturing (AM) process, improved the homogeneity of the WAAM 2319 Al alloy microstructures but with a compromise in the mechanical properties.</p></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":18727,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Materials Characterization\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":4.8000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-09-18\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Materials Characterization\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"88\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1044580324007708\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"材料科学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Materials Characterization","FirstCategoryId":"88","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1044580324007708","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
摘要
本研究分析了均匀化处理(单级和双级)对线材 + 电弧快速成型 (WAAM) 2319 铝 (Al) 合金的影响。其中包括利用微结构表征技术(DSC、XRD、光学和电子显微镜)深入研究共晶相(α(Al) + θ(Al2Cu))在基体中的扩散和溶解。均质处理参数(温度和时间)是根据 DSC 分析预先确定的。随后通过均质动力学计算确认了这些参数。在 530 °C/24 h 的条件下进行单级均质处理,可使 θ 相几乎完全扩散,但在晶界处仍有部分未溶解。这种处理方法导致硬度、极限抗拉强度和屈服强度分别降低了 26.0%、28.5% 和 28.8%。在 480 °C/8 h + 530 °C/24 h 条件下进行的双级均质有利于铜的扩散和 θ 相的溶解。这种处理方法提高了伸长率(2.8%),但硬度、极限抗拉强度和屈服强度仍分别降低了 28.7%、28.3% 和 26.2%。晶界上的θ相几乎消失,晶粒内仍有一些小的θ相颗粒。均匀化处理消除了增材制造(AM)过程中形成的θ相和铜元素的偏析,改善了 WAAM 2319 Al 合金微观结构的均匀性,但机械性能却受到了影响。
Effect of single and double stage homogenization treatments on microstructure and properties of wire + arc additively manufactured 2319 Al alloy
In this study, the effect of homogenization treatments (single and double stage) on the wire + arc additively manufactured (WAAM) 2319 aluminum (Al) alloy were analyzed. This involved an in-depth study on the diffusion and dissolution of eutectic phases (α(Al) + θ(Al2Cu)) in the matrix using microstructural characterization techniques (DSC, XRD, optical and electron microscopy). Homogenization treatment parameters (temperature and time) were pre-determined based on DSC analyses. These parameters were later confirmed using homogenization kinetics calculations. A single-stage homogenization at 530 °C/24 h facilitated an almost complete diffusion of θ phase, but some of them remained undissolved at the grain boundaries. This treatment resulted in the reduction of hardness, ultimate tensile strength and yield strength by 26.0 %, 28.5 % and 28.8 %, respectively. A double-stage homogenization at 480 °C/8 h + 530 °C/24 h facilitated diffusion of Cu and dissolution of θ phases. This treatment improved the elongation (by 2.8 %), while the hardness, ultimate tensile strength and yield strength was still reduced by 28.7 %, 28.3 % and 26.2 %, respectively. θ phase at the grain boundaries almost disappeared, with several small θ phase particles remained within the grain. The homogenization treatments eliminated the segregation of θ phase and Cu element formed during the additive manufacturing (AM) process, improved the homogeneity of the WAAM 2319 Al alloy microstructures but with a compromise in the mechanical properties.
期刊介绍:
Materials Characterization features original articles and state-of-the-art reviews on theoretical and practical aspects of the structure and behaviour of materials.
The Journal focuses on all characterization techniques, including all forms of microscopy (light, electron, acoustic, etc.,) and analysis (especially microanalysis and surface analytical techniques). Developments in both this wide range of techniques and their application to the quantification of the microstructure of materials are essential facets of the Journal.
The Journal provides the Materials Scientist/Engineer with up-to-date information on many types of materials with an underlying theme of explaining the behavior of materials using novel approaches. Materials covered by the journal include:
Metals & Alloys
Ceramics
Nanomaterials
Biomedical materials
Optical materials
Composites
Natural Materials.