Rapid sloshing-free transport of liquids in arbitrarily shaped containers

We present a model-based feedforward control strategy suitable for designing swift rest-to-rest maneuvers for liquids in arbitrarily shaped containers. We employ the commonly used equivalent pendulum model to represent the sloshing dynamics and suggest a novel parameter identification scheme suitable for arbitrary container shapes and any number of sloshing modes. By computing natural modes and fluid reaction forces and torques for imposed harmonic container motions via a finite element model, we obtain data for the identification scheme. A fitting procedure then yields highly accurate parameters for a physical pendulum model, where each pendulum represents one sloshing mode. We also provide a thorough analysis of parameter identifiability and guidelines for obtaining robust parameter estimates. The proposed feedforward control method uses a virtual tray pendulum on which we place the container (in the form of its equivalent pendulum model). Designing the virtual tray such that the fluid’s dominant sloshing mode cannot be excited by horizontally moving the tray pendulum pivot effectively zeros out any sloshing motion in this mode. We then exploit the flatness property of the resulting system to design rest-to-rest maneuvers where any residual sloshing motion (in higher modes) can be exactly stopped at the end of the maneuver. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through extensive simulations and experimental results using a Martini cocktail glass, whose shape is challenging in terms of sloshing. The experimental results show the successful, accurate suppression of sloshing, validating the efficacy of the proposed concept.