Unveiling the Microplastics: Sources, Distribution, Toxicological Impacts, Extraction Methods, Degradational Strategies, Paving the Path to a Sustainable Future

The issue of microplastics (MPs) which are pervasive and ubiquitous pollutants, has given rise to a pressing need for a thorough understanding of them and the development of effective strategies to mitigate their impact. These tiny particles are derived from a wide array of human activities, including industrial processes, urban centers, and even our daily routines. To devise effective mitigation measures, it is essential to comprehend the sources and the complexity of their distribution across terrestrial, aquatic, and atmospheric domains, which adversely affect ecosystems worldwide. Extraction methods have been cultivated and established to remove MPs from the environment with higher efficiency. This paper elucidates the complexity of their dispersal and sheds light on the extraction methods along with their degradational strategies. It also discusses the use of machine learning models in MP identification, detection, and classification. The integration of machine learning, particularly with features extracted from holographic images and spectroscopic data offers a precise and efficient method for identifying MPs. The toxicological effects of MPs on organisms and ecosystems are also discussed, emphasizing the need for further research to mitigate their impact. The exploration of degradation strategies offers a promising solution to combat the pervasive presence of MPs. While several mechanisms contribute to MP degradation, microbial-driven processes have emerged as a dominant factor. This review delves deep into the realm of microbial degradation, highlighting its potential to transform the fate of these pollutants. The paper showcases the latest research and innovations, paving the way for an environmentally sustainable future. This comprehensive review emphasizes the urgency of addressing the MP predicament and presents a refined roadmap towards a sustainable future.

Graphical Abstract