{"title":"记录领土:马普切土地记录来源的跨文化方法","authors":"María Montenegro","doi":"10.1007/s10502-024-09466-6","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Using critical place research and documentary methods, this article examines the Mapuche territorial cause in Chile and exposes the deficiencies of state-produced Mapuche land titles, known as <i>Títulos de Merced</i>, which are required for and (mis)used as evidence by Chile’s Indigenous land restitution program. The <i>Títulos de Merced</i> were granted to Mapuche families during and after the military occupation of <i>Wallmapu</i> (Mapuche territory), as documentation of their relocation to <i>reducciones</i> (reservations) between 1884 and 1929. However, these approximately 3000 titles do not fully represent Mapuche land claims. Instead, they were used by the newly formed Chilean state to reduce Mapuche territory to approximately 5% of its ancestral span, leaving undocumented much of the territories that communities were effectively using before the reduction process––what Mapuche claimants refer to as <i>tierras antiguas</i> or ancestral lands. Despite this, CONADI, the government agency that administers the land program, defines these titles as the primary sources of documentary evidence to prove Mapuche land dispossession. Therefore, not only are the <i>Títulos de Merced</i> not enough, but they negatively impact Mapuche land claims by purposefully reducing, once again, Mapuche ancestral territory, this time discursively. Mapuche claimants are paradoxically forced to validate claims to their ancestral land through documents that were designed to legitimize their dispossession. By examining the insufficiency and inappropriateness of the <i>Títulos de Merced</i> as evidence for Mapuche territorial claims, this paper proposes the intercultural practice of documenting <i>territorialidad</i>—the expression of cultural, economic, and spiritual Mapuche practices over the territory—in addition to colonial demarcations of land, as a form of producing/using evidence for Mapuche land restitution claims. Suggesting the <i>mapu</i> (land/territory) as provenance and <i>territorialidad</i> as evidence, this alternative documentary practice unsettles the <i>Títulos de Merced</i> as the only legitimate form of evidence for Mapuche land claims and theorizes <i>interculturalidad</i>—the recognition of and dialogue between diverse ways of knowing coexisting within the same territory—as a framework for thinking about provenance when working with Indigenous land records.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46131,"journal":{"name":"ARCHIVAL SCIENCE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4000,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10502-024-09466-6.pdf","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Documenting Territorialidad: an intercultural approach to the provenance of Mapuche land records\",\"authors\":\"María Montenegro\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s10502-024-09466-6\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><p>Using critical place research and documentary methods, this article examines the Mapuche territorial cause in Chile and exposes the deficiencies of state-produced Mapuche land titles, known as <i>Títulos de Merced</i>, which are required for and (mis)used as evidence by Chile’s Indigenous land restitution program. The <i>Títulos de Merced</i> were granted to Mapuche families during and after the military occupation of <i>Wallmapu</i> (Mapuche territory), as documentation of their relocation to <i>reducciones</i> (reservations) between 1884 and 1929. However, these approximately 3000 titles do not fully represent Mapuche land claims. Instead, they were used by the newly formed Chilean state to reduce Mapuche territory to approximately 5% of its ancestral span, leaving undocumented much of the territories that communities were effectively using before the reduction process––what Mapuche claimants refer to as <i>tierras antiguas</i> or ancestral lands. Despite this, CONADI, the government agency that administers the land program, defines these titles as the primary sources of documentary evidence to prove Mapuche land dispossession. Therefore, not only are the <i>Títulos de Merced</i> not enough, but they negatively impact Mapuche land claims by purposefully reducing, once again, Mapuche ancestral territory, this time discursively. Mapuche claimants are paradoxically forced to validate claims to their ancestral land through documents that were designed to legitimize their dispossession. By examining the insufficiency and inappropriateness of the <i>Títulos de Merced</i> as evidence for Mapuche territorial claims, this paper proposes the intercultural practice of documenting <i>territorialidad</i>—the expression of cultural, economic, and spiritual Mapuche practices over the territory—in addition to colonial demarcations of land, as a form of producing/using evidence for Mapuche land restitution claims. Suggesting the <i>mapu</i> (land/territory) as provenance and <i>territorialidad</i> as evidence, this alternative documentary practice unsettles the <i>Títulos de Merced</i> as the only legitimate form of evidence for Mapuche land claims and theorizes <i>interculturalidad</i>—the recognition of and dialogue between diverse ways of knowing coexisting within the same territory—as a framework for thinking about provenance when working with Indigenous land records.</p></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":46131,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"ARCHIVAL SCIENCE\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":1.4000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-09-14\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10502-024-09466-6.pdf\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"ARCHIVAL SCIENCE\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10502-024-09466-6\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"ARCHIVAL SCIENCE","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10502-024-09466-6","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
摘要
本文利用关键地点研究和文献方法,研究了智利马普切人的领土事业,并揭露了国家颁发的马普切人土地所有权证(即 Títulos de Merced)的缺陷。这些 Títulos de Merced 是在军事占领 Wallmapu(马普切人领地)期间和之后授予马普切人家庭的,是他们在 1884 年至 1929 年期间搬迁到 reducciones(保留地)的证明文件。然而,这大约 3000 份地契并不完全代表马普切人的土地要求。相反,新成立的智利政府利用它们将马普切人的领地缩减到其祖先领地的大约 5%,使社区在缩减过程之前有效使用的大部分领地--即马普切人所称的 tierras antiguas 或祖先的土地--没有记录在案。尽管如此,负责管理土地项目的政府机构 CONADI 仍将这些地契定义为证明马普切人土地被剥夺的主要文件证据来源。因此,Títulos de Merced 不仅是不够的,而且还对马普切人的土地主张产生了负面影响,因为它们又一次有目的地缩小了马普切人的祖传领地,这一次是在话语上。自相矛盾的是,马普切人被迫通过旨在使其被剥夺土地合法化的文件来证实对其祖传土地的权利主张。通过研究 Títulos de Merced 作为马普切人领土诉求证据的不足和不恰当性,本文提出了记录 territorialidad(马普切人对领土的文化、经济和精神习俗的表达)的跨文化实践,以及殖民时期的土地划界,作为马普切人土地归还诉求的一种证据制作/使用形式。这种替代性的文献实践建议将 mapu(土地/领地)作为出处,将 territorialidad 作为证据,从而打破了 Títulos de Merced 作为马普切人土地要求的唯一合法证据形式的地位,并将 interculturalidad(文化间性)理论化--对共存于同一领地内的不同认知方式的认可和它们之间的对话--作为在处理土著土地记录时思考出处的框架。
Documenting Territorialidad: an intercultural approach to the provenance of Mapuche land records
Using critical place research and documentary methods, this article examines the Mapuche territorial cause in Chile and exposes the deficiencies of state-produced Mapuche land titles, known as Títulos de Merced, which are required for and (mis)used as evidence by Chile’s Indigenous land restitution program. The Títulos de Merced were granted to Mapuche families during and after the military occupation of Wallmapu (Mapuche territory), as documentation of their relocation to reducciones (reservations) between 1884 and 1929. However, these approximately 3000 titles do not fully represent Mapuche land claims. Instead, they were used by the newly formed Chilean state to reduce Mapuche territory to approximately 5% of its ancestral span, leaving undocumented much of the territories that communities were effectively using before the reduction process––what Mapuche claimants refer to as tierras antiguas or ancestral lands. Despite this, CONADI, the government agency that administers the land program, defines these titles as the primary sources of documentary evidence to prove Mapuche land dispossession. Therefore, not only are the Títulos de Merced not enough, but they negatively impact Mapuche land claims by purposefully reducing, once again, Mapuche ancestral territory, this time discursively. Mapuche claimants are paradoxically forced to validate claims to their ancestral land through documents that were designed to legitimize their dispossession. By examining the insufficiency and inappropriateness of the Títulos de Merced as evidence for Mapuche territorial claims, this paper proposes the intercultural practice of documenting territorialidad—the expression of cultural, economic, and spiritual Mapuche practices over the territory—in addition to colonial demarcations of land, as a form of producing/using evidence for Mapuche land restitution claims. Suggesting the mapu (land/territory) as provenance and territorialidad as evidence, this alternative documentary practice unsettles the Títulos de Merced as the only legitimate form of evidence for Mapuche land claims and theorizes interculturalidad—the recognition of and dialogue between diverse ways of knowing coexisting within the same territory—as a framework for thinking about provenance when working with Indigenous land records.
期刊介绍:
Archival Science promotes the development of archival science as an autonomous scientific discipline. The journal covers all aspects of archival science theory, methodology, and practice. Moreover, it investigates different cultural approaches to creation, management and provision of access to archives, records, and data. It also seeks to promote the exchange and comparison of concepts, views and attitudes related to recordkeeping issues around the world.Archival Science''s approach is integrated, interdisciplinary, and intercultural. Its scope encompasses the entire field of recorded process-related information, analyzed in terms of form, structure, and context. To meet its objectives, the journal draws from scientific disciplines that deal with the function of records and the way they are created, preserved, and retrieved; the context in which information is generated, managed, and used; and the social and cultural environment of records creation at different times and places.Covers all aspects of archival science theory, methodology, and practiceInvestigates different cultural approaches to creation, management and provision of access to archives, records, and dataPromotes the exchange and comparison of concepts, views, and attitudes related to recordkeeping issues around the worldAddresses the entire field of recorded process-related information, analyzed in terms of form, structure, and context