Exploring natural chalcones: innovative extraction techniques, bioactivities, and health potential

Chalcones, a class of secondary metabolites within the flavonoid family, are characterized by a distinct C6-C3-C6 structure. They are prevalent in both edible and medicinal plants and serve as critical precursors in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. Structurally, chalcones are α,β-unsaturated ketones known for their significant bioactive properties which lend them therapeutic potential for a variety of bioactivities. Research into the bioavailability of chalcones and their derivatives has revealed both potential barriers and enhancements regarding their use in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical contexts. The current review provides a comprehensive discussion on the biosynthesis, chemistry, natural occurrence—especially in medicinal and dietary plants, bioavailability, and important roles of chalcones and their derivatives. Moreover, it delves into the toxicological and pharmacological properties of chalcone derivatives, covering their antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antimicrobial, immunosuppressive, and neuroprotective effects. There is a call for further research to clarify their structure–activity relationships, address toxicity concerns, understand the cellular mechanisms behind their actions, and explore their interactions with other molecules.