压力下的选择受到与反应无关的冲击的大鼠的冲动行为和偏好逆转

IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL
Camilo Hurtado-Parrado , Alejandro Segura , Julián Cifuentes
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引用次数: 0

摘要

对人类参与者进行的一些研究表明,在厌恶情境下(例如,存在与否与反应无关的强烈噪音),选择较小的早期强化物(SS)而不是较大的后期强化物(LL)的频率高于非厌恶情境。虽然有证据表明这种效应可以在大鼠身上重现(例如,与反应无关的噪音会干扰大鼠在强化计划中的表现),但迄今为止还没有明确的尝试报道。本研究测试了厌恶情境对大鼠冲动选择的干扰效应的普遍性。为了模仿在人类身上实施的程序,我们将与反应无关(随机时间为 60 秒)的轻微强度脚震(0.25 毫安)纳入了格林和埃斯特尔(2003 年)的系统复制任务中,该任务旨在研究偏好逆转现象(即在 SS 和 LL 选择之前增加延迟,SS 偏好会转变为 LL 偏好)。在此过程中,我们探索了厌恶情境对偏好逆转的影响,这种影响迄今为止也未见报道。雄性 Wistar 大鼠(16 只)被置于三种不同的条件下,其中 8 只在整个研究过程中经历了电击。在最初的延迟配置条件下(SS = 0.5 秒后 2 粒;LL = 6 秒后 4 粒),未受电击大鼠的反应从漠不关心(∼ 50 % LL)增加到对 LL 选项的偏好(∼ 75 % 或更高的 LL 反应),而受电击大鼠的反应没有偏离漠不关心的状态。接下来,在 LL 强化物上添加延迟,直到 SS 偏好被逐一确立(+6 秒、+9 秒、+15 秒等)。非电击大鼠的行为似乎更受延迟时间的影响,例如,它们达到 SS 偏好的延迟时间更短。偏好逆转条件包括在 SS 和 LL 选项中分别添加 5 秒、15 秒和 25 秒的延迟。与未受电击的大鼠相比,受电击的大鼠表现出的偏好逆转效应更强、更稳定。对减少冲动性选择的操纵的研究表明,类似的过程可以解释厌恶情境的破坏作用和干预的效果,即对延迟的厌恶和对时间上遥远事件之间或然关系的辨别。本研究的结果就是在这一框架下讨论的,重点是大鼠在不同延迟配置下的选择模式与强化前后冲击分布之间的协变关系。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Choice “under pressure”: Impulsive behavior and preference reversal of rats exposed to response-independent shocks

Some research with human participants has shown that the choice of a smaller-sooner reinforcer (SS) over a larger-later reinforcer (LL) is more frequent in aversive than non-aversive contexts (e.g., presence versus absence of response-independent intense noise). Although there is evidence that this effect could be reproduced in rats (e.g., response-independent noise disrupts rats’ performance on schedules of reinforcement), no explicit attempt has been reported to date. The present study tested the generality of the disruptive effect of aversive contexts in rats’ impulsive choice. To emulate the procedures implemented with humans, response-independent (Random-Time 60 s) mild-intensity footshocks (.25 mA) were incorporated into a systematic replication of Green and Estle’s (2003) task designed to study preference reversal phenomena (i.e., SS preference changes to LL with the addition of delays before both the SS and LL alternatives). In doing so, we explored the effects of an aversive context on preference reversal, which also have not been reported to date. Male Wistar rats (16) were exposed to three different conditions; eight of them experienced shocks throughout the study. During an initial delay configuration condition (SS = 2 pellets after 0.5-s; LL = 4 pellets after 6 s), responding of non-shocked rats showed an increase from indifference (∼ 50 % LL) towards preference for the LL option (∼ 75 % or higher LL responses), whereas responding of shocked rats did not deviate from indifference. Next, delays were added to the LL reinforcer until SS preference was individually established (+6 s, +9 s, +15 s, etc.). The behavior of non-shocked rats seemed more affected by the added delays, e.g., they reached SS preference with less added delays. Preference-reversal conditions consisted of adding 5-s, 15-s, and 25-s delays to both SS and LL alternatives. Shocked rats showed a more robust and consistent preference reversal effect than non-shocked rats. Research on manipulations that reduce impulsive choice suggests that similar processes could explain the disruptive effects of aversive contexts and the effects of interventions; namely, aversiveness of delays and discrimination of contingent relations between temporally distant events. The results of the present study are discussed in that framework, focusing on covariations between rats’ choice patterns across the different delay configurations and the distribution of shocks pre- and post- reinforcement delivery.

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来源期刊
CiteScore
2.90
自引率
0.00%
发文量
53
期刊介绍: Learning and Motivation features original experimental research devoted to the analysis of basic phenomena and mechanisms of learning, memory, and motivation. These studies, involving either animal or human subjects, examine behavioral, biological, and evolutionary influences on the learning and motivation processes, and often report on an integrated series of experiments that advance knowledge in this field. Theoretical papers and shorter reports are also considered.
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